Report Detail
Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
- RnM4621105 |
- 20 August, 2025 |
- Global |
- 143 Pages |
- GIR |
- Machinery & Equipment
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market size was valued at US$ million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2031 with a CAGR of %during review period.
China has implemented the Renewable Energy Law since 2006, in which Article 4 clearly states that, the State gives first priority to the exploration of renewable energy. Over the years, various departments of the Chinese government have successively issued a large number of policies, covering production, sales, taxation, subsidies and other aspects. After setting the carbon neutrality goal in 2021, from a national perspective, the upgrading of the energy structure is ever imperative, and therefore the optoelectronic industry has great potential. The European Commission released the Net-Zero Industry Act in 2023. This bill aims to stimulate local manufacturing in Europe, reduce import dependence on China, and ensure that at least 40% of the EU"s clean energy demand can be met by 2030. The EU targets an installed solar capacity of 600 GW. Overall, the European market still has a lot of room for development. US 2022 release of the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes $369 billion for energy security and climate change investments. For the photovoltaic industry, the bill stimulates its development from multiple aspects such as corporate and individual tax credits, production subsidies, and loans throughout the industry chain, and revitalizes the domestic manufacturing industry in the United States. Japanese authorities plan to make solar panels mandatory for new residential buildings in Tokyo from 2025 onwards. It is estimated that by 2030, photovoltaic power generation will account for 14%-16% of Japan"s total power generation, and the cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaic systems will be about 117.41 GW.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include TG hyLIFT GmbH, SolarCleano, Ecoppia, SUNBOT, Airtouch Solar, Clean Solar Solutions Ltd, Xian Omrobot, TETRA Electronic Technology, Shanghai Anxtec, Shenzhen Innovpower, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Single Row Cleaning
Cross Row Cleaning
Convenient Cleaning
Market segment by Application
Roof Photovoltaic Power Station
Ground Photovoltaic Power Station
Major players covered
TG hyLIFT GmbH
SolarCleano
Ecoppia
SUNBOT
Airtouch Solar
Clean Solar Solutions Ltd
Xian Omrobot
TETRA Electronic Technology
Shanghai Anxtec
Shenzhen Innovpower
Taypro Private Limited
AX System
Solabot
Bosonrobotics
Miraikikai Inc
Exosolar Pvt Ltd
SunPure Technology
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 Single Row Cleaning
- 1.3.3 Cross Row Cleaning
- 1.3.4 Convenient Cleaning
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Roof Photovoltaic Power Station
- 1.4.3 Ground Photovoltaic Power Station
- 1.5 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 TG hyLIFT GmbH
- 2.1.1 TG hyLIFT GmbH Details
- 2.1.2 TG hyLIFT GmbH Major Business
- 2.1.3 TG hyLIFT GmbH Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.1.4 TG hyLIFT GmbH Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 TG hyLIFT GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 SolarCleano
- 2.2.1 SolarCleano Details
- 2.2.2 SolarCleano Major Business
- 2.2.3 SolarCleano Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.2.4 SolarCleano Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 SolarCleano Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Ecoppia
- 2.3.1 Ecoppia Details
- 2.3.2 Ecoppia Major Business
- 2.3.3 Ecoppia Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Ecoppia Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 Ecoppia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 SUNBOT
- 2.4.1 SUNBOT Details
- 2.4.2 SUNBOT Major Business
- 2.4.3 SUNBOT Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.4.4 SUNBOT Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 SUNBOT Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Airtouch Solar
- 2.5.1 Airtouch Solar Details
- 2.5.2 Airtouch Solar Major Business
- 2.5.3 Airtouch Solar Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Airtouch Solar Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 Airtouch Solar Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd
- 2.6.1 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd Details
- 2.6.2 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd Major Business
- 2.6.3 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 Clean Solar Solutions Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Xian Omrobot
- 2.7.1 Xian Omrobot Details
- 2.7.2 Xian Omrobot Major Business
- 2.7.3 Xian Omrobot Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Xian Omrobot Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 Xian Omrobot Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 TETRA Electronic Technology
- 2.8.1 TETRA Electronic Technology Details
- 2.8.2 TETRA Electronic Technology Major Business
- 2.8.3 TETRA Electronic Technology Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.8.4 TETRA Electronic Technology Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 TETRA Electronic Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Shanghai Anxtec
- 2.9.1 Shanghai Anxtec Details
- 2.9.2 Shanghai Anxtec Major Business
- 2.9.3 Shanghai Anxtec Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Shanghai Anxtec Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 Shanghai Anxtec Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Shenzhen Innovpower
- 2.10.1 Shenzhen Innovpower Details
- 2.10.2 Shenzhen Innovpower Major Business
- 2.10.3 Shenzhen Innovpower Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Shenzhen Innovpower Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Shenzhen Innovpower Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Taypro Private Limited
- 2.11.1 Taypro Private Limited Details
- 2.11.2 Taypro Private Limited Major Business
- 2.11.3 Taypro Private Limited Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Taypro Private Limited Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 Taypro Private Limited Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 AX System
- 2.12.1 AX System Details
- 2.12.2 AX System Major Business
- 2.12.3 AX System Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.12.4 AX System Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 AX System Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Solabot
- 2.13.1 Solabot Details
- 2.13.2 Solabot Major Business
- 2.13.3 Solabot Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Solabot Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Solabot Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Bosonrobotics
- 2.14.1 Bosonrobotics Details
- 2.14.2 Bosonrobotics Major Business
- 2.14.3 Bosonrobotics Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Bosonrobotics Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Bosonrobotics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Miraikikai Inc
- 2.15.1 Miraikikai Inc Details
- 2.15.2 Miraikikai Inc Major Business
- 2.15.3 Miraikikai Inc Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Miraikikai Inc Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 Miraikikai Inc Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Exosolar Pvt Ltd
- 2.16.1 Exosolar Pvt Ltd Details
- 2.16.2 Exosolar Pvt Ltd Major Business
- 2.16.3 Exosolar Pvt Ltd Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Exosolar Pvt Ltd Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.16.5 Exosolar Pvt Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 SunPure Technology
- 2.17.1 SunPure Technology Details
- 2.17.2 SunPure Technology Major Business
- 2.17.3 SunPure Technology Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Product and Services
- 2.17.4 SunPure Technology Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.17.5 SunPure Technology Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Drivers
- 12.2 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market Restraints
- 12.3 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot
- 13.3 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
Summary:
Get latest Market Research Reports on Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot. Industry analysis & Market Report on Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot is a syndicated market report, published as Global Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031. It is complete Research Study and Industry Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules Cleaning Robot market, to understand, Market Demand, Growth, trends analysis and Factor Influencing market.
REPORT YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED
Related Reports
Reason to Buy
Reports and Markets
Contact Us
+1-352-353-0818 (US)Newsletter
KEEP UP TO DATE ON ALL THE LATEST REPORTS
