Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 SMD Type
- 1.3.3 Leaded Type
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Raw Material
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Raw Material: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 MOV
- 1.4.3 SiC Varistor
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Structure
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Structure: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 MLV
- 1.5.3 High Pressure Varistor
- 1.5.4 TVS Varistor
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Consumer Electronics
- 1.6.3 Telecommunication
- 1.6.4 Home Appliance
- 1.6.5 Automotive
- 1.6.6 Industrial Equipment
- 1.6.7 Others
- 1.7 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 TDK
- 2.1.1 TDK Details
- 2.1.2 TDK Major Business
- 2.1.3 TDK Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.1.4 TDK Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 TDK Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Panasonic
- 2.2.1 Panasonic Details
- 2.2.2 Panasonic Major Business
- 2.2.3 Panasonic Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Panasonic Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 KOA Corporation
- 2.3.1 KOA Corporation Details
- 2.3.2 KOA Corporation Major Business
- 2.3.3 KOA Corporation Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.3.4 KOA Corporation Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 KOA Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Littelfuse
- 2.4.1 Littelfuse Details
- 2.4.2 Littelfuse Major Business
- 2.4.3 Littelfuse Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Littelfuse Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Littelfuse Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 THINKING
- 2.5.1 THINKING Details
- 2.5.2 THINKING Major Business
- 2.5.3 THINKING Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.5.4 THINKING Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 THINKING Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Fenghua
- 2.6.1 Fenghua Details
- 2.6.2 Fenghua Major Business
- 2.6.3 Fenghua Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Fenghua Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Fenghua Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Semitec Corporation
- 2.7.1 Semitec Corporation Details
- 2.7.2 Semitec Corporation Major Business
- 2.7.3 Semitec Corporation Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Semitec Corporation Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Semitec Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Elpro International
- 2.8.1 Elpro International Details
- 2.8.2 Elpro International Major Business
- 2.8.3 Elpro International Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Elpro International Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Elpro International Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Bourns
- 2.9.1 Bourns Details
- 2.9.2 Bourns Major Business
- 2.9.3 Bourns Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Bourns Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Bourns Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Songtian Electronics (STE)
- 2.10.1 Songtian Electronics (STE) Details
- 2.10.2 Songtian Electronics (STE) Major Business
- 2.10.3 Songtian Electronics (STE) Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Songtian Electronics (STE) Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Songtian Electronics (STE) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Nippon Chemi-Con
- 2.11.1 Nippon Chemi-Con Details
- 2.11.2 Nippon Chemi-Con Major Business
- 2.11.3 Nippon Chemi-Con Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Nippon Chemi-Con Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Nippon Chemi-Con Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Lattron
- 2.12.1 Lattron Details
- 2.12.2 Lattron Major Business
- 2.12.3 Lattron Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Lattron Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Lattron Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Xiamen SET Electronics
- 2.13.1 Xiamen SET Electronics Details
- 2.13.2 Xiamen SET Electronics Major Business
- 2.13.3 Xiamen SET Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Xiamen SET Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Xiamen SET Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Shiheng
- 2.14.1 Shiheng Details
- 2.14.2 Shiheng Major Business
- 2.14.3 Shiheng Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Shiheng Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Shiheng Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Huagu Electronics
- 2.15.1 Huagu Electronics Details
- 2.15.2 Huagu Electronics Major Business
- 2.15.3 Huagu Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Huagu Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Huagu Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 JOYIN
- 2.16.1 JOYIN Details
- 2.16.2 JOYIN Major Business
- 2.16.3 JOYIN Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.16.4 JOYIN Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 JOYIN Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Xiamen Wanming Electronics
- 2.17.1 Xiamen Wanming Electronics Details
- 2.17.2 Xiamen Wanming Electronics Major Business
- 2.17.3 Xiamen Wanming Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Xiamen Wanming Electronics Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 Xiamen Wanming Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Kestar Electronic
- 2.18.1 Kestar Electronic Details
- 2.18.2 Kestar Electronic Major Business
- 2.18.3 Kestar Electronic Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Kestar Electronic Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 Kestar Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Drivers
- 12.2 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Market Restraints
- 12.3 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR)
- 13.3 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market size was valued at US$ 1174 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1684 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 4.9% during review period.
In 2025, global varistor production reached approximately 25787 million units, with an average global market price of around US$ 44.26 per K units. A varistor (a.k.a. voltage-dependent resistor (VDR)) is a surge protecting electronic component with an electrical resistance that varies with the applied voltage. It has a nonlinear, non-ohmic current–voltage characteristic that is similar to that of a diode. Unlike a diode however, it has the same characteristic for both directions of traversing current. Traditionally, varistors were constructed by connecting two rectifiers, such as the copper-oxide or germanium-oxide rectifier in antiparallel configuration. At low voltage the varistor has a high electrical resistance which decreases as the voltage is raised. Modern varistors are primarily based on sintered ceramic metal-oxide materials which exhibit directional behavior only on a microscopic scale. This type is commonly known as the metal-oxide varistor (MOV).
Main Application Areas
Widely used in new energy vehicles, photovoltaic energy storage, industrial control, communication equipment, and consumer electronics, with automotive electronics and energy storage devices emerging as new growth drivers.
Technological Development Trends
The industry is evolving toward miniaturized packaging, high-voltage and high-energy capabilities, and intelligent integration. The development of new varistor materials is driving improvements in product performance.
Competitive Landscape
Major global players include international companies such as TDK, Panasonic, KOA Corporation, Littelfuse, THINKING, and Vishay. Domestic enterprises like Fenghua High-Tech and Shiheng Electronics have made technological and product breakthroughs. However, domestic manufacturers still need to further enhance their high-end automotive-grade certifications and brand credibility.
Industry Characteristics
Varistors are nonlinear resistive components primarily used for surge protection, lightning strike prevention, electrostatic discharge suppression, and electromagnetic interference suppression. They are often used in combination with TVS diodes or gas discharge tubes to form a multi-stage protection system.
Challenges Faced
The industry faces challenges including rapid technological iteration, intensified market competition, fluctuating raw material prices, and pressure to control costs.
Report Scope
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Million Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Million Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Million Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Million Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR)
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include TDK, Panasonic, KOA Corporation, Littelfuse, THINKING, Fenghua, Semitec Corporation, Elpro International, Bourns, Songtian Electronics (STE), etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
SMD Type
Leaded Type
Market segment by Raw Material
MOV
SiC Varistor
Market segment by Structure
MLV
High Pressure Varistor
TVS Varistor
Market segment by Application
Consumer Electronics
Telecommunication
Home Appliance
Automotive
Industrial Equipment
Others
Major players covered
TDK
Panasonic
KOA Corporation
Littelfuse
THINKING
Fenghua
Semitec Corporation
Elpro International
Bourns
Songtian Electronics (STE)
Nippon Chemi-Con
Lattron
Xiamen SET Electronics
Shiheng
Huagu Electronics
JOYIN
Xiamen Wanming Electronics
Kestar Electronic
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1, to describe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR), with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR).
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDR) sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.