Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Below 100 Degrees Celsius
- 1.3.3 100-200 Degrees Celsius
- 1.3.4 Above 200 Degrees Celsius
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Industrial
- 1.4.3 Residential
- 1.4.4 Commercial
- 1.5 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.5.2 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.5.3 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 nVent
- 2.1.1 nVent Details
- 2.1.2 nVent Major Business
- 2.1.3 nVent Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.1.4 nVent Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 nVent Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 SST
- 2.2.1 SST Details
- 2.2.2 SST Major Business
- 2.2.3 SST Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.2.4 SST Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 SST Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Anhui Huanrui
- 2.3.1 Anhui Huanrui Details
- 2.3.2 Anhui Huanrui Major Business
- 2.3.3 Anhui Huanrui Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Anhui Huanrui Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Anhui Huanrui Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Thermon
- 2.4.1 Thermon Details
- 2.4.2 Thermon Major Business
- 2.4.3 Thermon Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Thermon Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Thermon Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Bartec
- 2.5.1 Bartec Details
- 2.5.2 Bartec Major Business
- 2.5.3 Bartec Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Bartec Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Bartec Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Wuhu Jiahong
- 2.6.1 Wuhu Jiahong Details
- 2.6.2 Wuhu Jiahong Major Business
- 2.6.3 Wuhu Jiahong Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Wuhu Jiahong Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Wuhu Jiahong Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Emerson
- 2.7.1 Emerson Details
- 2.7.2 Emerson Major Business
- 2.7.3 Emerson Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Emerson Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Emerson Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd
- 2.8.1 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd Details
- 2.8.2 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.8.3 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 BriskHeat
- 2.9.1 BriskHeat Details
- 2.9.2 BriskHeat Major Business
- 2.9.3 BriskHeat Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.9.4 BriskHeat Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 BriskHeat Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Raytech
- 2.10.1 Raytech Details
- 2.10.2 Raytech Major Business
- 2.10.3 Raytech Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Raytech Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Raytech Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Anbang
- 2.11.1 Anbang Details
- 2.11.2 Anbang Major Business
- 2.11.3 Anbang Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Anbang Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Anbang Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Eltherm
- 2.12.1 Eltherm Details
- 2.12.2 Eltherm Major Business
- 2.12.3 Eltherm Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Eltherm Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Eltherm Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Heat Trace Ltd.
- 2.13.1 Heat Trace Ltd. Details
- 2.13.2 Heat Trace Ltd. Major Business
- 2.13.3 Heat Trace Ltd. Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Heat Trace Ltd. Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Heat Trace Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Anhui Huayang
- 2.14.1 Anhui Huayang Details
- 2.14.2 Anhui Huayang Major Business
- 2.14.3 Anhui Huayang Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Anhui Huayang Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Anhui Huayang Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Danfoss
- 2.15.1 Danfoss Details
- 2.15.2 Danfoss Major Business
- 2.15.3 Danfoss Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Danfoss Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Danfoss Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Isopad (Thermocoax)
- 2.16.1 Isopad (Thermocoax) Details
- 2.16.2 Isopad (Thermocoax) Major Business
- 2.16.3 Isopad (Thermocoax) Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Isopad (Thermocoax) Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 Isopad (Thermocoax) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 KING ELECTRICAL
- 2.17.1 KING ELECTRICAL Details
- 2.17.2 KING ELECTRICAL Major Business
- 2.17.3 KING ELECTRICAL Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.17.4 KING ELECTRICAL Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 KING ELECTRICAL Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean)
- 2.18.1 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean) Details
- 2.18.2 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean) Major Business
- 2.18.3 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean) Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean) Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Technirace
- 2.19.1 Technirace Details
- 2.19.2 Technirace Major Business
- 2.19.3 Technirace Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Technirace Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 Technirace Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Flexelec
- 2.20.1 Flexelec Details
- 2.20.2 Flexelec Major Business
- 2.20.3 Flexelec Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Flexelec Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Flexelec Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Garnisch
- 2.21.1 Garnisch Details
- 2.21.2 Garnisch Major Business
- 2.21.3 Garnisch Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Garnisch Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.21.5 Garnisch Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Fine Korea
- 2.22.1 Fine Korea Details
- 2.22.2 Fine Korea Major Business
- 2.22.3 Fine Korea Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Fine Korea Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.22.5 Fine Korea Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 SunTouch
- 2.23.1 SunTouch Details
- 2.23.2 SunTouch Major Business
- 2.23.3 SunTouch Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.23.4 SunTouch Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.23.5 SunTouch Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.24 Urecon
- 2.24.1 Urecon Details
- 2.24.2 Urecon Major Business
- 2.24.3 Urecon Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.24.4 Urecon Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.24.5 Urecon Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.25 Thermopads
- 2.25.1 Thermopads Details
- 2.25.2 Thermopads Major Business
- 2.25.3 Thermopads Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Product and Services
- 2.25.4 Thermopads Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.25.5 Thermopads Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Self-Limiting Heating Tapes by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Drivers
- 12.2 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Market Restraints
- 12.3 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes
- 13.3 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Self-Limiting Heating Tapes Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market size was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2032 with a CAGR of %during review period.
Self-Limiting Heating Tapes are a type of electrical heating tape designed to provide controlled and efficient heat for various applications. Similar to self-limiting heating cables, these heating tapes automatically adjust their heat output based on changes in temperature, making them well-suited for freeze protection, temperature maintenance, and other heating needs.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Self-Limiting Heating Tapes
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include nVent, SST, Anhui Huanrui, Thermon, Bartec, Wuhu Jiahong, Emerson, Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd, BriskHeat, Raytech, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Below 100 Degrees Celsius
100-200 Degrees Celsius
Above 200 Degrees Celsius
Market segment by Application
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Major players covered
nVent
SST
Anhui Huanrui
Thermon
Bartec
Wuhu Jiahong
Emerson
Kashiwa Tech Co., Ltd
BriskHeat
Raytech
Anbang
Eltherm
Heat Trace Ltd.
Anhui Huayang
Danfoss
Isopad (Thermocoax)
KING ELECTRICAL
Heat-Line (Christopher MacLean)
Technirace
Flexelec
Garnisch
Fine Korea
SunTouch
Urecon
Thermopads
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Self-Limiting Heating Tapes competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Self-Limiting Heating Tapes breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Self-Limiting Heating Tapes market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Self-Limiting Heating Tapes.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Self-Limiting Heating Tapes sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.