Global Robotics System Integration Supply, Demand and Key Producers, 2026-2032
1 Supply Summary
- 1.1 Robotics System Integration Introduction
- 1.2 World Robotics System Integration Market Size & Forecast (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.3 World Robotics System Integration Total Market by Region (by Headquarter Location)
- 1.3.1 World Robotics System Integration Market Size by Region (2021-2032), (by Headquarter Location)
- 1.3.2 United States Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.3 China Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.4 Europe Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.5 Japan Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.6 South Korea Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.7 ASEAN Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.3.8 India Based Company Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2032)
- 1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
- 1.4.1 Robotics System Integration Market Drivers
- 1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
- 1.4.3 Major Market Trends
2 Demand Summary
- 2.1 World Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.2 World Robotics System Integration Consumption Value by Region
- 2.2.1 World Robotics System Integration Consumption Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 2.2.2 World Robotics System Integration Consumption Value Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 2.3 United States Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.4 China Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.5 Europe Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.6 Japan Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.7 South Korea Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.8 ASEAN Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 2.9 India Robotics System Integration Consumption Value (2021-2032)
3 World Robotics System Integration Companies Competitive Analysis
- 3.1 World Robotics System Integration Revenue by Player (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
- 3.2.1 Global Robotics System Integration Industry Rank of Major Players
- 3.2.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Robotics System Integration in 2025
- 3.2.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Robotics System Integration in 2025
- 3.3 Robotics System Integration Company Evaluation Quadrant
- 3.4 Robotics System Integration Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.4.1 Robotics System Integration Market: Region Footprint
- 3.4.2 Robotics System Integration Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.4.3 Robotics System Integration Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.5 Competitive Environment
- 3.5.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
- 3.5.2 Barriers of Market Entry
- 3.5.3 Factors of Competition
- 3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
4 United States VS China VS Rest of World (by Headquarter Location)
- 4.1 United States VS China: Robotics System Integration Revenue Comparison (by Headquarter Location)
- 4.1.1 United States VS China: Robotics System Integration Revenue Comparison (2021 & 2025 & 2032) (by Headquarter Location)
- 4.1.2 United States VS China: Robotics System Integration Revenue Market Share Comparison (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 4.2 United States Based Companies VS China Based Companies: Robotics System Integration Consumption Value Comparison
- 4.2.1 United States VS China: Robotics System Integration Consumption Value Comparison (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 4.2.2 United States VS China: Robotics System Integration Consumption Value Market Share Comparison (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 4.3 United States Based Robotics System Integration Companies and Market Share, 2021-2026
- 4.3.1 United States Based Robotics System Integration Companies, Headquarters (States, Country)
- 4.3.2 United States Based Companies Robotics System Integration Revenue, (2021-2026)
- 4.4 China Based Companies Robotics System Integration Revenue and Market Share, 2021-2026
- 4.4.1 China Based Robotics System Integration Companies, Company Headquarters (Province, Country)
- 4.4.2 China Based Companies Robotics System Integration Revenue, (2021-2026)
- 4.5 Rest of World Based Robotics System Integration Companies and Market Share, 2021-2026
- 4.5.1 Rest of World Based Robotics System Integration Companies, Headquarters (Province, Country)
- 4.5.2 Rest of World Based Companies Robotics System Integration Revenue (2021-2026)
5 Market Analysis by Type
- 5.1 World Robotics System Integration Market Size Overview by Type: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
- 5.2.1 Hardware
- 5.2.2 Software and Service
- 5.3 Market Segment by Type
- 5.3.1 World Robotics System Integration Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 World Robotics System Integration Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 5.3.3 World Robotics System Integration Market Size Market Share by Type (2027-2032)
6 Market Analysis by Application
- 6.1 World Robotics System Integration Market Size Overview by Application: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
- 6.2.1 Automotive
- 6.2.2 Electrical & Electronics
- 6.2.3 Metal Industry
- 6.2.4 Chemical, Rubber and Plastic
- 6.2.5 Food, Beverages and Pharmaceuticals
- 6.2.6 Others
- 6.3 Market Segment by Application
- 6.3.1 World Robotics System Integration Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
- 6.3.2 World Robotics System Integration Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 6.3.3 World Robotics System Integration Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 FFT
- 7.1.1 FFT Details
- 7.1.2 FFT Major Business
- 7.1.3 FFT Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.1.4 FFT Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.1.5 FFT Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.1.6 FFT Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.2 BOZHON
- 7.2.1 BOZHON Details
- 7.2.2 BOZHON Major Business
- 7.2.3 BOZHON Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.2.4 BOZHON Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.2.5 BOZHON Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.2.6 BOZHON Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.3 Motoman Robotics
- 7.3.1 Motoman Robotics Details
- 7.3.2 Motoman Robotics Major Business
- 7.3.3 Motoman Robotics Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.3.4 Motoman Robotics Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.3.5 Motoman Robotics Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.3.6 Motoman Robotics Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.4 STEP
- 7.4.1 STEP Details
- 7.4.2 STEP Major Business
- 7.4.3 STEP Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.4.4 STEP Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.4.5 STEP Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.4.6 STEP Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.5 Siasun
- 7.5.1 Siasun Details
- 7.5.2 Siasun Major Business
- 7.5.3 Siasun Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.5.4 Siasun Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.5.5 Siasun Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.5.6 Siasun Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.6 HGZN
- 7.6.1 HGZN Details
- 7.6.2 HGZN Major Business
- 7.6.3 HGZN Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.6.4 HGZN Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.6.5 HGZN Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.6.6 HGZN Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.7 JEE
- 7.7.1 JEE Details
- 7.7.2 JEE Major Business
- 7.7.3 JEE Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.7.4 JEE Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.7.5 JEE Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.7.6 JEE Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.8 CSG Smart Science
- 7.8.1 CSG Smart Science Details
- 7.8.2 CSG Smart Science Major Business
- 7.8.3 CSG Smart Science Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.8.4 CSG Smart Science Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.8.5 CSG Smart Science Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.8.6 CSG Smart Science Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.9 Colibri Technologies
- 7.9.1 Colibri Technologies Details
- 7.9.2 Colibri Technologies Major Business
- 7.9.3 Colibri Technologies Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.9.4 Colibri Technologies Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.9.5 Colibri Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.9.6 Colibri Technologies Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.10 ZHIYUN
- 7.10.1 ZHIYUN Details
- 7.10.2 ZHIYUN Major Business
- 7.10.3 ZHIYUN Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.10.4 ZHIYUN Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.10.5 ZHIYUN Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.10.6 ZHIYUN Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.11 EFFORT
- 7.11.1 EFFORT Details
- 7.11.2 EFFORT Major Business
- 7.11.3 EFFORT Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.11.4 EFFORT Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.11.5 EFFORT Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.11.6 EFFORT Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.12 SINYLON
- 7.12.1 SINYLON Details
- 7.12.2 SINYLON Major Business
- 7.12.3 SINYLON Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.12.4 SINYLON Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.12.5 SINYLON Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.12.6 SINYLON Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.13 Guangzhou Risong Technology
- 7.13.1 Guangzhou Risong Technology Details
- 7.13.2 Guangzhou Risong Technology Major Business
- 7.13.3 Guangzhou Risong Technology Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.13.4 Guangzhou Risong Technology Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.13.5 Guangzhou Risong Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.13.6 Guangzhou Risong Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.14 Guangdong Topstar Technology
- 7.14.1 Guangdong Topstar Technology Details
- 7.14.2 Guangdong Topstar Technology Major Business
- 7.14.3 Guangdong Topstar Technology Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.14.4 Guangdong Topstar Technology Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.14.5 Guangdong Topstar Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.14.6 Guangdong Topstar Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.15 SCOTT
- 7.15.1 SCOTT Details
- 7.15.2 SCOTT Major Business
- 7.15.3 SCOTT Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.15.4 SCOTT Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.15.5 SCOTT Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.15.6 SCOTT Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.16 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics)
- 7.16.1 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Details
- 7.16.2 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Major Business
- 7.16.3 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.16.4 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.16.5 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.16.6 Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics) Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.17 CBWEE
- 7.17.1 CBWEE Details
- 7.17.2 CBWEE Major Business
- 7.17.3 CBWEE Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.17.4 CBWEE Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.17.5 CBWEE Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.17.6 CBWEE Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.18 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System
- 7.18.1 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Details
- 7.18.2 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Major Business
- 7.18.3 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.18.4 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.18.5 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.18.6 Jiangsu Beiren Robot System Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.19 HCD
- 7.19.1 HCD Details
- 7.19.2 HCD Major Business
- 7.19.3 HCD Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.19.4 HCD Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.19.5 HCD Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.19.6 HCD Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.20 SIERT
- 7.20.1 SIERT Details
- 7.20.2 SIERT Major Business
- 7.20.3 SIERT Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.20.4 SIERT Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.20.5 SIERT Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.20.6 SIERT Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.21 Acieta
- 7.21.1 Acieta Details
- 7.21.2 Acieta Major Business
- 7.21.3 Acieta Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.21.4 Acieta Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.21.5 Acieta Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.21.6 Acieta Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.22 QUICK
- 7.22.1 QUICK Details
- 7.22.2 QUICK Major Business
- 7.22.3 QUICK Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.22.4 QUICK Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.22.5 QUICK Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.22.6 QUICK Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.23 SVIA (ABB)
- 7.23.1 SVIA (ABB) Details
- 7.23.2 SVIA (ABB) Major Business
- 7.23.3 SVIA (ABB) Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.23.4 SVIA (ABB) Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.23.5 SVIA (ABB) Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.23.6 SVIA (ABB) Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.24 BOSHIAC
- 7.24.1 BOSHIAC Details
- 7.24.2 BOSHIAC Major Business
- 7.24.3 BOSHIAC Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.24.4 BOSHIAC Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.24.5 BOSHIAC Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.24.6 BOSHIAC Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.25 Midwest Engineered Systems
- 7.25.1 Midwest Engineered Systems Details
- 7.25.2 Midwest Engineered Systems Major Business
- 7.25.3 Midwest Engineered Systems Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.25.4 Midwest Engineered Systems Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.25.5 Midwest Engineered Systems Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.25.6 Midwest Engineered Systems Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.26 APT Manufacturing Solutions
- 7.26.1 APT Manufacturing Solutions Details
- 7.26.2 APT Manufacturing Solutions Major Business
- 7.26.3 APT Manufacturing Solutions Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.26.4 APT Manufacturing Solutions Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.26.5 APT Manufacturing Solutions Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.26.6 APT Manufacturing Solutions Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.27 Motion Controls Robotics
- 7.27.1 Motion Controls Robotics Details
- 7.27.2 Motion Controls Robotics Major Business
- 7.27.3 Motion Controls Robotics Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.27.4 Motion Controls Robotics Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.27.5 Motion Controls Robotics Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.27.6 Motion Controls Robotics Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.28 Geku Automation
- 7.28.1 Geku Automation Details
- 7.28.2 Geku Automation Major Business
- 7.28.3 Geku Automation Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.28.4 Geku Automation Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.28.5 Geku Automation Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.28.6 Geku Automation Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.29 Tigerweld
- 7.29.1 Tigerweld Details
- 7.29.2 Tigerweld Major Business
- 7.29.3 Tigerweld Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.29.4 Tigerweld Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.29.5 Tigerweld Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.29.6 Tigerweld Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
- 7.30 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering
- 7.30.1 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Details
- 7.30.2 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Major Business
- 7.30.3 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Robotics System Integration Product and Services
- 7.30.4 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Robotics System Integration Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 7.30.5 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
- 7.30.6 Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Robotics System Integration Industry Chain
- 8.2 Robotics System Integration Upstream Analysis
- 8.3 Robotics System Integration Midstream Analysis
- 8.4 Robotics System Integration Downstream Analysis
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
- 10.1 Methodology
- 10.2 Research Process and Data Source
The global Robotics System Integration market size is expected to reach $ 82520 million by 2032, rising at a market growth of 6.9% CAGR during the forecast period (2026-2032).
Robot system integration is based on large-scale projects and factory production lines, and provides services such as system design and equipment integration in industrial control, transmission, communication, production and management based on the robot body. The core hardware and software are the robot body, robot end-effectors and fixtures, advanced manufacturing process equipment, various sensors (including tactile, force, vision, etc.), on-site industrial control software and information interaction, etc.
The world's core vendors that provide Robotics System Integration include FFT, BOZHON, Motoman Robotics, STEP, Siasun, HGZN, and JEE. The top seven manufacturers occupy approximately 10% market share. Asia Pacific is the world's largest market, accounting for approximately 68% of the market, followed by Europe and North America, accounting for 18% and 12%, respectively. Among them, hardware and software and services accounted for 58% and 42% respectively. The most applications are in the automotive industry and electrical and electronics, accounting for 32% and 28% respectively.
The key drivers of robot system integration stem from the demand for smart manufacturing upgrades, rising labor costs, and the urgent need for productivity improvement. With the advancement of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing, enterprises are increasingly adopting automation solutions to optimize production processes, enhance precision, and reduce reliance on manual labor. Additionally, the rapid growth of industries such as new energy vehicles, 3C electronics, and semiconductors has fueled demand for highly flexible and precise robotic integration systems. Government policies (e.g., "Made in China 2025") further stimulate market growth by promoting intelligent manufacturing.
Moving forward, robot system integration will evolve toward modularity, flexibility, and intelligence. The adoption of collaborative robots (Cobots) enables human-robot cooperation, while AI and machine vision integration enhance autonomous decision-making. The application of digital twins and 5G technology will facilitate remote monitoring and predictive maintenance, improving system reliability. Moreover, sustainable manufacturing trends drive the adoption of energy-efficient robotic systems, and SMEs' demand for cost-effective, easy-to-deploy automation solutions fosters the growth of lightweight integration models.
This report studies the global Robotics System Integration demand, key companies, and key regions.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for Robotics System Integration, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) growth, considering 2025 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of Robotics System Integration that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.
Highlights and key features of the study
Global Robotics System Integration total market, 2021-2032, (USD Million)
Global Robotics System Integration total market by region & country, CAGR, 2021-2032, (USD Million)
U.S. VS China: Robotics System Integration total market, key domestic companies, and share, (USD Million)
Global Robotics System Integration revenue by player, revenue and market share 2021-2026, (USD Million)
Global Robotics System Integration total market by Type, CAGR, 2021-2032, (USD Million)
Global Robotics System Integration total market by Application, CAGR, 2021-2032, (USD Million)
This report profiles major players in the global Robotics System Integration market based on the following parameters - company overview, revenue, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include FFT, BOZHON, Motoman Robotics, STEP, Siasun, HGZN, JEE, CSG Smart Science, Colibri Technologies, ZHIYUN, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the world Robotics System Integration market
Detailed Segmentation:
Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), by player, by regions, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2021-2032 by year with 2025 as the base year, 2026 as the estimate year, and 2027-2032 as the forecast year.
Global Robotics System Integration Market, By Region:
United States
China
Europe
Japan
South Korea
ASEAN
India
Rest of World
Global Robotics System Integration Market, Segmentation by Type:
Hardware
Software and Service
Global Robotics System Integration Market, Segmentation by Application:
Automotive
Electrical & Electronics
Metal Industry
Chemical, Rubber and Plastic
Food, Beverages and Pharmaceuticals
Others
Companies Profiled:
FFT
BOZHON
Motoman Robotics
STEP
Siasun
HGZN
JEE
CSG Smart Science
Colibri Technologies
ZHIYUN
EFFORT
SINYLON
Guangzhou Risong Technology
Guangdong Topstar Technology
SCOTT
Genesis Systems (IPG Photonics)
CBWEE
Jiangsu Beiren Robot System
HCD
SIERT
Acieta
QUICK
SVIA (ABB)
BOSHIAC
Midwest Engineered Systems
APT Manufacturing Solutions
Motion Controls Robotics
Geku Automation
Tigerweld
Shanghai Kelai Mechatronics Engineering
Key Questions Answered
1. How big is the global Robotics System Integration market?
2. What is the demand of the global Robotics System Integration market?
3. What is the year over year growth of the global Robotics System Integration market?
4. What is the total value of the global Robotics System Integration market?
5. Who are the Major Players in the global Robotics System Integration market?
6. What are the growth factors driving the market demand?