Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Sampling Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Sampling Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Pump Sampling
- 1.3.3 Diffusion Sampling
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Detection Type
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Detection Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Single Gas Detection
- 1.4.3 Multi Gas Detection
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Detection Technology Type
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Detection Technology Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Electrochemical Sensor
- 1.5.3 Catalytic Bead Sensor
- 1.5.4 Infrared Sensor
- 1.5.5 Photoionization Detector
- 1.5.6 Others
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Oil and Gas
- 1.6.3 Chemical Processing
- 1.6.4 Mining
- 1.6.5 Fire and Emergency Rescue
- 1.6.6 Marine and Shipbuilding
- 1.6.7 Wastewater Treatment
- 1.6.8 Power Generation
- 1.6.9 Others
- 1.7 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 RIKEN KEIKI
- 2.1.1 RIKEN KEIKI Details
- 2.1.2 RIKEN KEIKI Major Business
- 2.1.3 RIKEN KEIKI Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.1.4 RIKEN KEIKI Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 RIKEN KEIKI Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 MSA
- 2.2.1 MSA Details
- 2.2.2 MSA Major Business
- 2.2.3 MSA Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.2.4 MSA Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 MSA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Honeywell Analytics
- 2.3.1 Honeywell Analytics Details
- 2.3.2 Honeywell Analytics Major Business
- 2.3.3 Honeywell Analytics Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Honeywell Analytics Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Honeywell Analytics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Dräger
- 2.4.1 Dräger Details
- 2.4.2 Dräger Major Business
- 2.4.3 Dräger Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Dräger Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Dräger Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Industrial Scientific
- 2.5.1 Industrial Scientific Details
- 2.5.2 Industrial Scientific Major Business
- 2.5.3 Industrial Scientific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Industrial Scientific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Industrial Scientific Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
- 2.6.1 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Details
- 2.6.2 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Major Business
- 2.6.3 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.6.4 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Teledyne
- 2.7.1 Teledyne Details
- 2.7.2 Teledyne Major Business
- 2.7.3 Teledyne Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Teledyne Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Teledyne Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Crowcon (Halma)
- 2.8.1 Crowcon (Halma) Details
- 2.8.2 Crowcon (Halma) Major Business
- 2.8.3 Crowcon (Halma) Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Crowcon (Halma) Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Crowcon (Halma) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 SEITRON
- 2.9.1 SEITRON Details
- 2.9.2 SEITRON Major Business
- 2.9.3 SEITRON Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.9.4 SEITRON Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 SEITRON Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Ion Science
- 2.10.1 Ion Science Details
- 2.10.2 Ion Science Major Business
- 2.10.3 Ion Science Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Ion Science Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Ion Science Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation
- 2.11.1 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation Details
- 2.11.2 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation Major Business
- 2.11.3 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd
- 2.12.1 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd Details
- 2.12.2 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.12.3 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 EXSAF
- 2.13.1 EXSAF Details
- 2.13.2 EXSAF Major Business
- 2.13.3 EXSAF Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.13.4 EXSAF Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 EXSAF Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd
- 2.14.1 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd Details
- 2.14.2 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.14.3 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd
- 2.15.1 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd Details
- 2.15.2 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.15.3 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Sampling Type
- 5.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Average Price by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Sampling Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Drivers
- 12.2 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Market Restraints
- 12.3 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor
- 13.3 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market size was valued at US$ 724 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1112 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 6.5% during review period.
Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor refers to a handheld, wearable, or transportable gas detection device used to detect toxic gases, combustible gases, oxygen concentration, volatile organic compounds, and other hazardous gas conditions in workplaces, confined spaces, emergency sites, and industrial environments, providing real-time alarms and safety protection for personnel.
The Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor industry chain includes upstream suppliers of electrochemical sensors, infrared modules, catalytic bead elements, PID lamps, semiconductor sensors, microcontrollers, batteries, displays, pumps, alarms, housings, calibration gases, and communication modules; midstream participants include portable gas monitor manufacturers, safety instrument brands, OEM/ODM suppliers, calibration service providers, software platform developers, and distributors; downstream demand comes from oil and gas, chemical plants, mines, wastewater treatment, power utilities, firefighting, emergency rescue, laboratories, semiconductor factories, industrial inspection companies, and municipal safety agencies, where products are used for personal protection, confined-space entry, leakage inspection, and emergency response.
Projects under construction and planned in the Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market mainly include expansion of smart portable gas detector production lines, development of next-generation multi-gas wearable monitors, wireless personal gas safety networks for petrochemical parks, confined-space safety monitoring upgrade projects, mining portable gas detection modernization programs, emergency rescue gas monitoring equipment procurement, semiconductor cleanroom toxic gas inspection device projects, hydrogen energy leakage inspection equipment development, cloud-based calibration and fleet management platforms, and miniaturized low-power sensor module programs focused on longer battery life, faster response, improved accuracy, explosion-proof compliance, real-time positioning, and integration with industrial safety management systems.
2025 Global Market sales Volume: 2,200 k Units. Average Global Market Price: USD 320 Per Unit. Market Average Gross Profit Margin: 30%.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Sampling Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market size and forecasts, by Sampling Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include RIKEN KEIKI, MSA, Honeywell Analytics, Dräger, Industrial Scientific, NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD., Teledyne, Crowcon (Halma), SEITRON, Ion Science, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market is split by Sampling Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Sampling Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Sampling Type
Pump Sampling
Diffusion Sampling
Market segment by Detection Type
Single Gas Detection
Multi Gas Detection
Market segment by Detection Technology Type
Electrochemical Sensor
Catalytic Bead Sensor
Infrared Sensor
Photoionization Detector
Others
Market segment by Application
Oil and Gas
Chemical Processing
Mining
Fire and Emergency Rescue
Marine and Shipbuilding
Wastewater Treatment
Power Generation
Others
Major players covered
RIKEN KEIKI
MSA
Honeywell Analytics
Dräger
Industrial Scientific
NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
Teledyne
Crowcon (Halma)
SEITRON
Ion Science
Hanwei Electronics Group Corporation
Henan Chicheng Electric Co., Ltd
EXSAF
Shenzhen Yiyuntian Electronics Co., Ltd
Shenzhen Nuoan Technology Co., Ltd
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Sampling Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Sampling Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor market forecast, by regions, by Sampling Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Portable Gas Environment Safety Monitor sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.