Global Photographic Chemicals Industry Market Research Report
Global Photographic Chemicals Industry Market Research Report
1 Photographic Chemicals Introduction and Market Overview
- 1.1 Objectives of the Study
- 1.2 Definition of Photographic Chemicals
- 1.3 Photographic Chemicals Market Scope and Market Size Estimation
- 1.3.1 Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis
- 1.3.2 Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate from 2017-2027
- 1.4 Market Segmentation
- 1.4.1 Types of Photographic Chemicals
- 1.4.2 Applications of Photographic Chemicals
- 1.4.3 Research Regions
- 1.4.3.1 North America Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.2 Europe Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.3 China Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.4 Japan Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.5 Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.6 India Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.4.3.7 South America Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
- 1.5 Market Dynamics
- 1.5.1 Drivers
- 1.5.1.1 Emerging Countries of Photographic Chemicals
- 1.5.1.2 Growing Market of Photographic Chemicals
- 1.5.2 Limitations
- 1.5.3 Opportunities
- 1.5.1 Drivers
- 1.6 Industry News and Policies by Regions
- 1.6.1 Industry News
- 1.6.2 Industry Policies
2 Industry Chain Analysis
- 2.1 Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Photographic Chemicals Analysis
- 2.2 Major Players of Photographic Chemicals
- 2.2.1 Major Players Manufacturing Base and Market Share of Photographic Chemicals in 2021
- 2.2.2 Major Players Product Types in 2021
- 2.3 Photographic Chemicals Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
- 2.3.1 Production Process Analysis
- 2.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Photographic Chemicals
- 2.3.3 Raw Material Cost of Photographic Chemicals
- 2.3.4 Labor Cost of Photographic Chemicals
- 2.4 Market Channel Analysis of Photographic Chemicals
- 2.5 Major Downstream Buyers of Photographic Chemicals Analysis
3 Global Photographic Chemicals Market, by Type
- 3.1 Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
- 3.2 Global Photographic Chemicals Production and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
- 3.3 Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
- 3.4 Global Photographic Chemicals Price Analysis by Type (2017-2022)
4 Photographic Chemicals Market, by Application
- 4.1 Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
- 4.2 Downstream Buyers by Application
- 4.3 Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
5 Global Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($) by Region (2017-2022)
- 5.1 Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
- 5.2 Global Photographic Chemicals Production and Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
- 5.3 Global Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.4 North America Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.5 Europe Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.6 China Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.7 Japan Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.8 Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.9 India Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
- 5.10 South America Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6 Global Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)
- 6.1 Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
- 6.2 North America Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.3 Europe Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.4 China Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.5 Japan Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.6 Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.7 India Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
- 6.8 South America Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
7 Global Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis by Regions
- 7.1 North America Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.2 Europe Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.3 China Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.4 Japan Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.5 Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.6 India Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
- 7.7 South America Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis
8 Competitive Landscape
- 8.1 Competitive Profile
- 8.2 Ace Chemicals
- 8.2.1 Company Profiles
- 8.2.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.2.3 Ace Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.2.4 Ace Chemicals Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.3 Fujifilm
- 8.3.1 Company Profiles
- 8.3.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.3.3 Fujifilm Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.3.4 Fujifilm Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.4 CJ Chemical
- 8.4.1 Company Profiles
- 8.4.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.4.3 CJ Chemical Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.4.4 CJ Chemical Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.5 BASF
- 8.5.1 Company Profiles
- 8.5.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.5.3 BASF Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.5.4 BASF Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.6 ACROS
- 8.6.1 Company Profiles
- 8.6.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.6.3 ACROS Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.6.4 ACROS Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.7 Huntsman
- 8.7.1 Company Profiles
- 8.7.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.7.3 Huntsman Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.7.4 Huntsman Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.8 Bostick and Sullivan
- 8.8.1 Company Profiles
- 8.8.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.8.3 Bostick and Sullivan Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.8.4 Bostick and Sullivan Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
- 8.9 Sichuan Linchen
- 8.9.1 Company Profiles
- 8.9.2 Photographic Chemicals Product Introduction
- 8.9.3 Sichuan Linchen Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
- 8.9.4 Sichuan Linchen Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
9 Global Photographic Chemicals Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application
- 9.1 Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) & Volume Forecast, by Type (2022-2027)
- 9.1.1 Acetic Acid Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
- 9.1.2 Cadmium Bromide Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
- 9.1.3 Silver Bromide Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
- 9.2 Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) & Volume Forecast, by Application (2022-2027)
- 9.2.1 Consumer Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
- 9.2.2 Business Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
10 Photographic Chemicals Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
- 10.1 North America Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.2 Europe Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.3 China Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.4 Japan Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.6 India Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
- 10.7 South America Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
11 New Project Feasibility Analysis
- 11.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis
- 11.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment
12 Research Finding and Conclusion
13 Appendix
- 13.1 Discussion Guide
- 13.2 Knowledge Store: Maia Subscription Portal
- 13.3 Research Data Source
- 13.4 Research Assumptions and Acronyms Used
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture of Photographic Chemicals
Table Product Specification of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate from 2017-2027
Table Different Types of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Segment by Type from 2017-2022
Figure Acetic Acid Picture
Figure Cadmium Bromide Picture
Figure Silver Bromide Picture
Table Different Applications of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Segment by Applications from 2017-2022
Figure Consumer Picture
Figure Business Picture
Table Research Regions of Photographic Chemicals
Figure North America Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table China Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Japan Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table India Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table South America Photographic Chemicals Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Emerging Countries of Photographic Chemicals
Table Growing Market of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Industry Chain Analysis of Photographic Chemicals
Table Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Photographic Chemicals with Contact Information
Table Major Players Manufacturing Base and Market Share ($) of Photographic Chemicals in 2021
Table Major Players Photographic Chemicals Product Types in 2021
Figure Production Process of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Photographic Chemicals
Figure Channel Status of Photographic Chemicals
Table Major Distributors of Photographic Chemicals with Contact Information
Table Major Downstream Buyers of Photographic Chemicals with Contact Information
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Production by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Production Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Production Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate of Acetic Acid
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate of Cadmium Bromide
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) and Growth Rate of Silver Bromide
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Price by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table Downstream Buyers Introduction by Application
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate of Consumer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate of Business (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) by Region (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Value ($) Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Production by Region (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table North America Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Europe Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table China Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Japan Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table India Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table South America Photographic Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Table North America Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table Europe Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table China Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table Japan Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table India Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Table South America Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Figure North America Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure North America Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure North America Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure Europe Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Europe Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Europe Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure China Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure China Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure China Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure Japan Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Japan Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Japan Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure Middle East & Africa Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure India Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure India Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure India Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure South America Photographic Chemicals Production and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure South America Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis
Figure South America Photographic Chemicals SWOT Analysis
Figure Top 3 Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Companies
Figure Top 6 Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Companies
Table Mergers, Acquisitions and Expansion Analysis
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table Ace Chemicals Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure Ace Chemicals Production and Growth Rate
Figure Ace Chemicals Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure Ace Chemicals Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table Fujifilm Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure Fujifilm Production and Growth Rate
Figure Fujifilm Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure Fujifilm Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table CJ Chemical Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure CJ Chemical Production and Growth Rate
Figure CJ Chemical Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure CJ Chemical Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table BASF Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure BASF Production and Growth Rate
Figure BASF Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure BASF Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table ACROS Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure ACROS Production and Growth Rate
Figure ACROS Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure ACROS Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table Huntsman Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure Huntsman Production and Growth Rate
Figure Huntsman Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure Huntsman Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table Bostick and Sullivan Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure Bostick and Sullivan Production and Growth Rate
Figure Bostick and Sullivan Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure Bostick and Sullivan Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Company Profiles
Table Product Introduction
Table Sichuan Linchen Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
Figure Sichuan Linchen Production and Growth Rate
Figure Sichuan Linchen Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022
Figure Sichuan Linchen Market Share of Photographic Chemicals Segmented by Region in 2021
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) Forecast, by Type
Table Global Photographic Chemicals Market Volume Forecast, by Type
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Acetic Acid (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Acetic Acid (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Cadmium Bromide (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Cadmium Bromide (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Silver Bromide (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Silver Bromide (2022-2027)
Table Global Market Value ($) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Market Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate of Consumer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Photographic Chemicals Consumption and Growth Rate of Business (2017-2022)
Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Business (2022-2027)
Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Business (2022-2027)
Figure North America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table North America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Europe Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Europe Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure China Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table China Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Japan Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Japan Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Middle East & Africa Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure India Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table India Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure South America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Table South America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Industry Resource/Technology/Labor Importance Analysis
Table New Entrants SWOT Analysis
Table New Project Analysis of Investment Recovery
The Photographic Chemicals market revenue was xx.xx Million USD in 2017, grew to xx.xx Million USD in 2021, and will reach xx.xx Million USD in 2027, with a CAGR of x.x% during 2022-2027. Based on the Photographic Chemicals industrial chain, this report mainly elaborates the definition, types, applications and major players of Photographic Chemicals market in details. Deep analysis about market status (2017-2022), enterprise competition pattern, advantages and disadvantages of enterprise products, industry development trends (2022-2027), regional industrial layout characteristics and macroeconomic policies, industrial policy has also be included. From raw materials to downstream buyers of this industry will be analyzed scientifically, the feature of product circulation and sales channel will be presented as well. In a word, this report will help you to establish a panorama of industrial development and characteristics of the Photographic Chemicals market.
The Photographic Chemicals market can be split based on product types, major applications, and important regions.
Major Players in Photographic Chemicals market are:
Ace Chemicals
Fujifilm
CJ Chemical
BASF
ACROS
Huntsman
Bostick and Sullivan
Sichuan Linchen
Major Regions that plays a vital role in Photographic Chemicals market are:
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Middle East & Africa
India
South America
Others
Most important types of Photographic Chemicals products covered in this report are:
Acetic Acid
Cadmium Bromide
Silver Bromide
Most widely used downstream fields of Photographic Chemicals market covered in this report are:
Consumer
Business
There are 13 Chapters to thoroughly display the Photographic Chemicals market. This report included the analysis of market overview, market characteristics, industry chain, competition landscape, historical and future data by types, applications and regions.
Chapter 1: Photographic Chemicals Market Overview, Product Overview, Market Segmentation, Market Overview of Regions, Market Dynamics, Limitations, Opportunities and Industry News and Policies.
Chapter 2: Photographic Chemicals Industry Chain Analysis, Upstream Raw Material Suppliers, Major Players, Production Process Analysis, Cost Analysis, Market Channels and Major Downstream Buyers.
Chapter 3: Value Analysis, Production, Growth Rate and Price Analysis by Type of Photographic Chemicals.
Chapter 4: Downstream Characteristics, Consumption and Market Share by Application of Photographic Chemicals.
Chapter 5: Production Volume, Price, Gross Margin, and Revenue ($) of Photographic Chemicals by Regions (2017-2022).
Chapter 6: Photographic Chemicals Production, Consumption, Export and Import by Regions (2017-2022).
Chapter 7: Photographic Chemicals Market Status and SWOT Analysis by Regions.
Chapter 8: Competitive Landscape, Product Introduction, Company Profiles, Market Distribution Status by Players of Photographic Chemicals.
Chapter 9: Photographic Chemicals Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application (2022-2027).
Chapter 10: Market Analysis and Forecast by Regions (2022-2027).
Chapter 11: Industry Characteristics, Key Factors, New Entrants SWOT Analysis, Investment Feasibility Analysis.
Chapter 12: Market Conclusion of the Whole Report.
Chapter 13: Appendix Such as Methodology and Data Resources of This Research.