Global Modern Custom Cabinet Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Wooden Material
- 1.3.3 Glass Material
- 1.3.4 Aluminium Material
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Hotel
- 1.4.3 Residence
- 1.4.4 Apartment
- 1.4.5 Others
- 1.5 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.5.2 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.5.3 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 IKEA
- 2.1.1 IKEA Details
- 2.1.2 IKEA Major Business
- 2.1.3 IKEA Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.1.4 IKEA Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 IKEA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 MasterBrand Cabinet
- 2.2.1 MasterBrand Cabinet Details
- 2.2.2 MasterBrand Cabinet Major Business
- 2.2.3 MasterBrand Cabinet Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.2.4 MasterBrand Cabinet Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 MasterBrand Cabinet Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Nobilia
- 2.3.1 Nobilia Details
- 2.3.2 Nobilia Major Business
- 2.3.3 Nobilia Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Nobilia Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Nobilia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Cabinetworks Group
- 2.4.1 Cabinetworks Group Details
- 2.4.2 Cabinetworks Group Major Business
- 2.4.3 Cabinetworks Group Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Cabinetworks Group Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Cabinetworks Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 American Woodmark
- 2.5.1 American Woodmark Details
- 2.5.2 American Woodmark Major Business
- 2.5.3 American Woodmark Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.5.4 American Woodmark Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 American Woodmark Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Plus Closets
- 2.6.1 Plus Closets Details
- 2.6.2 Plus Closets Major Business
- 2.6.3 Plus Closets Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Plus Closets Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Plus Closets Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 LIXIL
- 2.7.1 LIXIL Details
- 2.7.2 LIXIL Major Business
- 2.7.3 LIXIL Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.7.4 LIXIL Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 LIXIL Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Nobia
- 2.8.1 Nobia Details
- 2.8.2 Nobia Major Business
- 2.8.3 Nobia Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Nobia Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Nobia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Closets Works
- 2.9.1 Closets Works Details
- 2.9.2 Closets Works Major Business
- 2.9.3 Closets Works Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Closets Works Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Closets Works Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 California Closets
- 2.10.1 California Closets Details
- 2.10.2 California Closets Major Business
- 2.10.3 California Closets Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.10.4 California Closets Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 California Closets Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Takara Standard
- 2.11.1 Takara Standard Details
- 2.11.2 Takara Standard Major Business
- 2.11.3 Takara Standard Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Takara Standard Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Takara Standard Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Oppein
- 2.12.1 Oppein Details
- 2.12.2 Oppein Major Business
- 2.12.3 Oppein Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Oppein Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Oppein Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Cleanup Corporation
- 2.13.1 Cleanup Corporation Details
- 2.13.2 Cleanup Corporation Major Business
- 2.13.3 Cleanup Corporation Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Cleanup Corporation Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Cleanup Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Hanssem
- 2.14.1 Hanssem Details
- 2.14.2 Hanssem Major Business
- 2.14.3 Hanssem Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Hanssem Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Hanssem Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Arclinea
- 2.15.1 Arclinea Details
- 2.15.2 Arclinea Major Business
- 2.15.3 Arclinea Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Arclinea Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Arclinea Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Zbom Home
- 2.16.1 Zbom Home Details
- 2.16.2 Zbom Home Major Business
- 2.16.3 Zbom Home Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Zbom Home Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 Zbom Home Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Sophia
- 2.17.1 Sophia Details
- 2.17.2 Sophia Major Business
- 2.17.3 Sophia Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Sophia Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 Sophia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 GoldenHome
- 2.18.1 GoldenHome Details
- 2.18.2 GoldenHome Major Business
- 2.18.3 GoldenHome Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.18.4 GoldenHome Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 GoldenHome Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Boloni
- 2.19.1 Boloni Details
- 2.19.2 Boloni Major Business
- 2.19.3 Boloni Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Boloni Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 Boloni Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Fabuwood Cabinetry
- 2.20.1 Fabuwood Cabinetry Details
- 2.20.2 Fabuwood Cabinetry Major Business
- 2.20.3 Fabuwood Cabinetry Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Fabuwood Cabinetry Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Fabuwood Cabinetry Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Leicht Kuchen
- 2.21.1 Leicht Kuchen Details
- 2.21.2 Leicht Kuchen Major Business
- 2.21.3 Leicht Kuchen Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Leicht Kuchen Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.21.5 Leicht Kuchen Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Conestoga Wood Specialties
- 2.22.1 Conestoga Wood Specialties Details
- 2.22.2 Conestoga Wood Specialties Major Business
- 2.22.3 Conestoga Wood Specialties Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Conestoga Wood Specialties Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.22.5 Conestoga Wood Specialties Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Bulthaup
- 2.23.1 Bulthaup Details
- 2.23.2 Bulthaup Major Business
- 2.23.3 Bulthaup Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Bulthaup Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.23.5 Bulthaup Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.24 Holike Creative Home
- 2.24.1 Holike Creative Home Details
- 2.24.2 Holike Creative Home Major Business
- 2.24.3 Holike Creative Home Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.24.4 Holike Creative Home Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.24.5 Holike Creative Home Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.25 Signature International Bhd
- 2.25.1 Signature International Bhd Details
- 2.25.2 Signature International Bhd Major Business
- 2.25.3 Signature International Bhd Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.25.4 Signature International Bhd Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.25.5 Signature International Bhd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.26 Everpro
- 2.26.1 Everpro Details
- 2.26.2 Everpro Major Business
- 2.26.3 Everpro Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.26.4 Everpro Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.26.5 Everpro Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.27 Planet Kitchen
- 2.27.1 Planet Kitchen Details
- 2.27.2 Planet Kitchen Major Business
- 2.27.3 Planet Kitchen Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.27.4 Planet Kitchen Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.27.5 Planet Kitchen Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.28 Euro Design Furniture
- 2.28.1 Euro Design Furniture Details
- 2.28.2 Euro Design Furniture Major Business
- 2.28.3 Euro Design Furniture Modern Custom Cabinet Product and Services
- 2.28.4 Euro Design Furniture Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.28.5 Euro Design Furniture Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Modern Custom Cabinet by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Modern Custom Cabinet by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Modern Custom Cabinet Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Modern Custom Cabinet Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Modern Custom Cabinet Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Modern Custom Cabinet Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Modern Custom Cabinet Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Modern Custom Cabinet Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Modern Custom Cabinet Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Modern Custom Cabinet Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Modern Custom Cabinet Market Drivers
- 12.2 Modern Custom Cabinet Market Restraints
- 12.3 Modern Custom Cabinet Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Modern Custom Cabinet and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Modern Custom Cabinet
- 13.3 Modern Custom Cabinet Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Modern Custom Cabinet Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Modern Custom Cabinet Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Modern Custom Cabinet market size was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2032 with a CAGR of %during review period.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Modern Custom Cabinet market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Modern Custom Cabinet market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sqm), 2021-2032
Global Modern Custom Cabinet market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sqm), 2021-2032
Global Modern Custom Cabinet market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sqm), 2021-2032
Global Modern Custom Cabinet market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and ASP (US$/Sqm), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Modern Custom Cabinet
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Modern Custom Cabinet market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include IKEA, MasterBrand Cabinet, Nobilia, Cabinetworks Group, American Woodmark, Plus Closets, LIXIL, Nobia, Closets Works, California Closets, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Modern Custom Cabinet market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Wooden Material
Glass Material
Aluminium Material
Others
Market segment by Application
Hotel
Residence
Apartment
Others
Major players covered
IKEA
MasterBrand Cabinet
Nobilia
Cabinetworks Group
American Woodmark
Plus Closets
LIXIL
Nobia
Closets Works
California Closets
Takara Standard
Oppein
Cleanup Corporation
Hanssem
Arclinea
Zbom Home
Sophia
GoldenHome
Boloni
Fabuwood Cabinetry
Leicht Kuchen
Conestoga Wood Specialties
Bulthaup
Holike Creative Home
Signature International Bhd
Everpro
Planet Kitchen
Euro Design Furniture
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Modern Custom Cabinet product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Modern Custom Cabinet, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Modern Custom Cabinet from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Modern Custom Cabinet competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Modern Custom Cabinet breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Modern Custom Cabinet market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Modern Custom Cabinet.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Modern Custom Cabinet sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.