Global Mirror for Washbasin Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 The Surface Mounted Mirrors
- 1.3.3 The Mirror Cabinets
- 1.3.4 The Extendable Makeup Mirrors
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Household
- 1.4.3 Hospital
- 1.4.4 Others
- 1.5 Global Mirror for Washbasin Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Mirror for Washbasin Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Kohler
- 2.1.1 Kohler Details
- 2.1.2 Kohler Major Business
- 2.1.3 Kohler Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Kohler Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 Kohler Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 ROCA
- 2.2.1 ROCA Details
- 2.2.2 ROCA Major Business
- 2.2.3 ROCA Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.2.4 ROCA Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 ROCA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 American Standards
- 2.3.1 American Standards Details
- 2.3.2 American Standards Major Business
- 2.3.3 American Standards Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.3.4 American Standards Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 American Standards Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 TOTO
- 2.4.1 TOTO Details
- 2.4.2 TOTO Major Business
- 2.4.3 TOTO Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.4.4 TOTO Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 TOTO Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 giessdorf
- 2.5.1 giessdorf Details
- 2.5.2 giessdorf Major Business
- 2.5.3 giessdorf Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.5.4 giessdorf Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 giessdorf Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Arrow
- 2.6.1 Arrow Details
- 2.6.2 Arrow Major Business
- 2.6.3 Arrow Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Arrow Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 Arrow Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Moen
- 2.7.1 Moen Details
- 2.7.2 Moen Major Business
- 2.7.3 Moen Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Moen Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 Moen Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 CRW Bathrooms
- 2.8.1 CRW Bathrooms Details
- 2.8.2 CRW Bathrooms Major Business
- 2.8.3 CRW Bathrooms Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.8.4 CRW Bathrooms Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 CRW Bathrooms Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Faenza
- 2.9.1 Faenza Details
- 2.9.2 Faenza Major Business
- 2.9.3 Faenza Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Faenza Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 Faenza Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Inax
- 2.10.1 Inax Details
- 2.10.2 Inax Major Business
- 2.10.3 Inax Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Inax Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Inax Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 COSO
- 2.11.1 COSO Details
- 2.11.2 COSO Major Business
- 2.11.3 COSO Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.11.4 COSO Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 COSO Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Annwa
- 2.12.1 Annwa Details
- 2.12.2 Annwa Major Business
- 2.12.3 Annwa Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Annwa Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 Annwa Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Duravit
- 2.13.1 Duravit Details
- 2.13.2 Duravit Major Business
- 2.13.3 Duravit Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Duravit Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Duravit Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Hansgrohe
- 2.14.1 Hansgrohe Details
- 2.14.2 Hansgrohe Major Business
- 2.14.3 Hansgrohe Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Hansgrohe Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Hansgrohe Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 KEUCO
- 2.15.1 KEUCO Details
- 2.15.2 KEUCO Major Business
- 2.15.3 KEUCO Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.15.4 KEUCO Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 KEUCO Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Monarch
- 2.16.1 Monarch Details
- 2.16.2 Monarch Major Business
- 2.16.3 Monarch Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Monarch Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.16.5 Monarch Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Huida
- 2.17.1 Huida Details
- 2.17.2 Huida Major Business
- 2.17.3 Huida Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Huida Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.17.5 Huida Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Micawa
- 2.18.1 Micawa Details
- 2.18.2 Micawa Major Business
- 2.18.3 Micawa Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Micawa Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.18.5 Micawa Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Appollo
- 2.19.1 Appollo Details
- 2.19.2 Appollo Major Business
- 2.19.3 Appollo Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Appollo Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.19.5 Appollo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 HeDing
- 2.20.1 HeDing Details
- 2.20.2 HeDing Major Business
- 2.20.3 HeDing Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.20.4 HeDing Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.20.5 HeDing Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Yingpai
- 2.21.1 Yingpai Details
- 2.21.2 Yingpai Major Business
- 2.21.3 Yingpai Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Yingpai Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.21.5 Yingpai Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Argent Crystal
- 2.22.1 Argent Crystal Details
- 2.22.2 Argent Crystal Major Business
- 2.22.3 Argent Crystal Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Argent Crystal Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.22.5 Argent Crystal Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Joden
- 2.23.1 Joden Details
- 2.23.2 Joden Major Business
- 2.23.3 Joden Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Joden Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.23.5 Joden Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.24 Aosman
- 2.24.1 Aosman Details
- 2.24.2 Aosman Major Business
- 2.24.3 Aosman Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.24.4 Aosman Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.24.5 Aosman Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.25 EAGO
- 2.25.1 EAGO Details
- 2.25.2 EAGO Major Business
- 2.25.3 EAGO Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.25.4 EAGO Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.25.5 EAGO Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.26 Logoo
- 2.26.1 Logoo Details
- 2.26.2 Logoo Major Business
- 2.26.3 Logoo Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.26.4 Logoo Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.26.5 Logoo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.27 HCG
- 2.27.1 HCG Details
- 2.27.2 HCG Major Business
- 2.27.3 HCG Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.27.4 HCG Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.27.5 HCG Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.28 DongPeng
- 2.28.1 DongPeng Details
- 2.28.2 DongPeng Major Business
- 2.28.3 DongPeng Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.28.4 DongPeng Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.28.5 DongPeng Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.29 HHSN
- 2.29.1 HHSN Details
- 2.29.2 HHSN Major Business
- 2.29.3 HHSN Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.29.4 HHSN Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.29.5 HHSN Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.30 SSWW
- 2.30.1 SSWW Details
- 2.30.2 SSWW Major Business
- 2.30.3 SSWW Mirror for Washbasin Product and Services
- 2.30.4 SSWW Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.30.5 SSWW Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Mirror for Washbasin by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Mirror for Washbasin Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Mirror for Washbasin Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Mirror for Washbasin by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Mirror for Washbasin Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Mirror for Washbasin Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Mirror for Washbasin Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Mirror for Washbasin Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Mirror for Washbasin Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Mirror for Washbasin Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Mirror for Washbasin Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Mirror for Washbasin Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Mirror for Washbasin Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Mirror for Washbasin Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Mirror for Washbasin Market Drivers
- 12.2 Mirror for Washbasin Market Restraints
- 12.3 Mirror for Washbasin Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Mirror for Washbasin and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Mirror for Washbasin
- 13.3 Mirror for Washbasin Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Mirror for Washbasin Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Mirror for Washbasin Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Mirror for Washbasin market size was valued at US$ million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2031 with a CAGR of %during review period.
Bathroom mirrors (Mirror for Washbasin) refers to the mirrors used in the bathroom, especially above the washbasin. This report mainly contains three types: the mirror cabinets, the surface mounted mirrors, the extendable makeup mirrors.
In China, the key Mirror for Washbasin manufacturers are Kohler, ROCA, American Standards, TOTO, giessdorf, Arrow, Moen, CRW Bathrooms, Faenza, Inax, COSO, Annwa, Duravit, Hansgrohe, KEUCO, Monarch, Huida, Micawa, Appollo, HeDing, Yingpai, Argent Crystal, Joden, Aosman, EAGO, Logoo, HCG, DongPeng, HHSN, SSWW etc. Top 3 companies occupied about 23% market share.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Mirror for Washbasin market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Mirror for Washbasin market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Mirror for Washbasin market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Mirror for Washbasin market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Mirror for Washbasin market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (USD/Unit), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Mirror for Washbasin
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Mirror for Washbasin market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Kohler, ROCA, American Standards, TOTO, giessdorf, Arrow, Moen, CRW Bathrooms, Faenza, Inax, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Mirror for Washbasin market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
The Surface Mounted Mirrors
The Mirror Cabinets
The Extendable Makeup Mirrors
Market segment by Application
Household
Hospital
Others
Major players covered
Kohler
ROCA
American Standards
TOTO
giessdorf
Arrow
Moen
CRW Bathrooms
Faenza
Inax
COSO
Annwa
Duravit
Hansgrohe
KEUCO
Monarch
Huida
Micawa
Appollo
HeDing
Yingpai
Argent Crystal
Joden
Aosman
EAGO
Logoo
HCG
DongPeng
HHSN
SSWW
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Mirror for Washbasin product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Mirror for Washbasin, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Mirror for Washbasin from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Mirror for Washbasin competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Mirror for Washbasin breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Mirror for Washbasin market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Mirror for Washbasin.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Mirror for Washbasin sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.