Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Lead-acid Battery EVs
- 1.3.3 Lithium-ion Battery EVs
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Personal Use
- 1.4.3 Commercial Use
- 1.4.4 Public Utilities
- 1.5 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.5.2 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.5.3 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Yogomo
- 2.1.1 Yogomo Details
- 2.1.2 Yogomo Major Business
- 2.1.3 Yogomo Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Yogomo Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Yogomo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Shifeng
- 2.2.1 Shifeng Details
- 2.2.2 Shifeng Major Business
- 2.2.3 Shifeng Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Shifeng Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Shifeng Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Textron
- 2.3.1 Textron Details
- 2.3.2 Textron Major Business
- 2.3.3 Textron Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Textron Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Textron Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Dojo
- 2.4.1 Dojo Details
- 2.4.2 Dojo Major Business
- 2.4.3 Dojo Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Dojo Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Dojo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Byvin
- 2.5.1 Byvin Details
- 2.5.2 Byvin Major Business
- 2.5.3 Byvin Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Byvin Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Byvin Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Polaris
- 2.6.1 Polaris Details
- 2.6.2 Polaris Major Business
- 2.6.3 Polaris Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Polaris Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Polaris Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Lichi
- 2.7.1 Lichi Details
- 2.7.2 Lichi Major Business
- 2.7.3 Lichi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Lichi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Lichi Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Baoya
- 2.8.1 Baoya Details
- 2.8.2 Baoya Major Business
- 2.8.3 Baoya Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Baoya Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Baoya Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Tangjun
- 2.9.1 Tangjun Details
- 2.9.2 Tangjun Major Business
- 2.9.3 Tangjun Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Tangjun Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Tangjun Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Yamaha
- 2.10.1 Yamaha Details
- 2.10.2 Yamaha Major Business
- 2.10.3 Yamaha Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Yamaha Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Yamaha Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Fulu
- 2.11.1 Fulu Details
- 2.11.2 Fulu Major Business
- 2.11.3 Fulu Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Fulu Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Fulu Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Xinyuzhou
- 2.12.1 Xinyuzhou Details
- 2.12.2 Xinyuzhou Major Business
- 2.12.3 Xinyuzhou Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Xinyuzhou Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Xinyuzhou Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 GreenWheel EV
- 2.13.1 GreenWheel EV Details
- 2.13.2 GreenWheel EV Major Business
- 2.13.3 GreenWheel EV Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.13.4 GreenWheel EV Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 GreenWheel EV Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Incalu
- 2.14.1 Incalu Details
- 2.14.2 Incalu Major Business
- 2.14.3 Incalu Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Incalu Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Incalu Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Kandi
- 2.15.1 Kandi Details
- 2.15.2 Kandi Major Business
- 2.15.3 Kandi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Kandi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Kandi Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Renault
- 2.16.1 Renault Details
- 2.16.2 Renault Major Business
- 2.16.3 Renault Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Renault Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 Renault Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 APACHE
- 2.17.1 APACHE Details
- 2.17.2 APACHE Major Business
- 2.17.3 APACHE Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.17.4 APACHE Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 APACHE Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Garia
- 2.18.1 Garia Details
- 2.18.2 Garia Major Business
- 2.18.3 Garia Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Garia Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 Garia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Zheren
- 2.19.1 Zheren Details
- 2.19.2 Zheren Major Business
- 2.19.3 Zheren Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Zheren Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 Zheren Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Ingersoll Rand
- 2.20.1 Ingersoll Rand Details
- 2.20.2 Ingersoll Rand Major Business
- 2.20.3 Ingersoll Rand Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Ingersoll Rand Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Ingersoll Rand Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 CitEcar Electric Vehicles
- 2.21.1 CitEcar Electric Vehicles Details
- 2.21.2 CitEcar Electric Vehicles Major Business
- 2.21.3 CitEcar Electric Vehicles Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.21.4 CitEcar Electric Vehicles Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.21.5 CitEcar Electric Vehicles Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Eagle
- 2.22.1 Eagle Details
- 2.22.2 Eagle Major Business
- 2.22.3 Eagle Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Eagle Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.22.5 Eagle Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Taiqi
- 2.23.1 Taiqi Details
- 2.23.2 Taiqi Major Business
- 2.23.3 Taiqi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Taiqi Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.23.5 Taiqi Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Drivers
- 12.2 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Market Restraints
- 12.3 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs)
- 13.3 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market size was valued at US$ 9769 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 13850 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.2% during review period.
A micro electric vehicle (EV) is a four-wheeled electric powered micro vehicle with an attainable speed of more than 20 miles per hour but not more than 25 miles per hour (in China, not more than 70 kilometers per hour) on a paved surface, and it usually has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of less than 3,000 pounds.
Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) key players include Yogomo, Shifeng, Dojo, Byvin, Textron, etc.
China is the largest market, followed by Europe, and North America.
In terms of product, Lead-acid Battery EVs is the largest segment, with a share over 75%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Personal Use, followed by Commercial Use, Public Utilities.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (USD/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (USD/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs)
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Yogomo, Shifeng, Textron, Dojo, Byvin, Polaris, Lichi, Baoya, Tangjun, Yamaha, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Lead-acid Battery EVs
Lithium-ion Battery EVs
Market segment by Application
Personal Use
Commercial Use
Public Utilities
Major players covered
Yogomo
Shifeng
Textron
Dojo
Byvin
Polaris
Lichi
Baoya
Tangjun
Yamaha
Fulu
Xinyuzhou
GreenWheel EV
Incalu
Kandi
Renault
APACHE
Garia
Zheren
Ingersoll Rand
CitEcar Electric Vehicles
Eagle
Taiqi
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs), with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs).
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Micro Electric Automotive (Micro EVs) sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.