Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 Manual
- 1.3.3 Semi-automatic
- 1.3.4 Automatic
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Shafts
- 1.4.3 Tubes
- 1.4.4 Rods
- 1.4.5 Profiles
- 1.4.6 Others
- 1.5 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 KBH Automation
- 2.1.1 KBH Automation Details
- 2.1.2 KBH Automation Major Business
- 2.1.3 KBH Automation Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.1.4 KBH Automation Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 KBH Automation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 MAE. Group (GESCO AG)
- 2.2.1 MAE. Group (GESCO AG) Details
- 2.2.2 MAE. Group (GESCO AG) Major Business
- 2.2.3 MAE. Group (GESCO AG) Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.2.4 MAE. Group (GESCO AG) Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 MAE. Group (GESCO AG) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Kokusai
- 2.3.1 Kokusai Details
- 2.3.2 Kokusai Major Business
- 2.3.3 Kokusai Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Kokusai Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 Kokusai Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Galdabini SPA
- 2.4.1 Galdabini SPA Details
- 2.4.2 Galdabini SPA Major Business
- 2.4.3 Galdabini SPA Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Galdabini SPA Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 Galdabini SPA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 MG srl
- 2.5.1 MG srl Details
- 2.5.2 MG srl Major Business
- 2.5.3 MG srl Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.5.4 MG srl Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 MG srl Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Samick
- 2.6.1 Samick Details
- 2.6.2 Samick Major Business
- 2.6.3 Samick Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Samick Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 Samick Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Hines Industries
- 2.7.1 Hines Industries Details
- 2.7.2 Hines Industries Major Business
- 2.7.3 Hines Industries Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Hines Industries Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 Hines Industries Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Heinrich Georg GmbH
- 2.8.1 Heinrich Georg GmbH Details
- 2.8.2 Heinrich Georg GmbH Major Business
- 2.8.3 Heinrich Georg GmbH Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Heinrich Georg GmbH Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 Heinrich Georg GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company)
- 2.9.1 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company) Details
- 2.9.2 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company) Major Business
- 2.9.3 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company) Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company) Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd.
- 2.10.1 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd. Details
- 2.10.2 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd. Major Business
- 2.10.3 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd. Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd. Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH
- 2.11.1 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH Details
- 2.11.2 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH Major Business
- 2.11.3 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.11.4 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Macrodyne Technologies Inc.
- 2.12.1 Macrodyne Technologies Inc. Details
- 2.12.2 Macrodyne Technologies Inc. Major Business
- 2.12.3 Macrodyne Technologies Inc. Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Macrodyne Technologies Inc. Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 Macrodyne Technologies Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic
- 2.13.1 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic Details
- 2.13.2 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic Major Business
- 2.13.3 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Sentek Automation
- 2.14.1 Sentek Automation Details
- 2.14.2 Sentek Automation Major Business
- 2.14.3 Sentek Automation Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Sentek Automation Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Sentek Automation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Crowning
- 2.15.1 Crowning Details
- 2.15.2 Crowning Major Business
- 2.15.3 Crowning Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Crowning Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 Crowning Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Bronx
- 2.16.1 Bronx Details
- 2.16.2 Bronx Major Business
- 2.16.3 Bronx Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Bronx Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.16.5 Bronx Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Sinotest Equipment
- 2.17.1 Sinotest Equipment Details
- 2.17.2 Sinotest Equipment Major Business
- 2.17.3 Sinotest Equipment Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Sinotest Equipment Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.17.5 Sinotest Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory
- 2.18.1 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory Details
- 2.18.2 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory Major Business
- 2.18.3 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.18.5 Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment
- 2.19.1 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment Details
- 2.19.2 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment Major Business
- 2.19.3 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.19.5 Teng zhou shang da automation equipment Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Paramount Tool
- 2.20.1 Paramount Tool Details
- 2.20.2 Paramount Tool Major Business
- 2.20.3 Paramount Tool Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Paramount Tool Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.20.5 Paramount Tool Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 AK Engineering
- 2.21.1 AK Engineering Details
- 2.21.2 AK Engineering Major Business
- 2.21.3 AK Engineering Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.21.4 AK Engineering Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.21.5 AK Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Alankar udhyog
- 2.22.1 Alankar udhyog Details
- 2.22.2 Alankar udhyog Major Business
- 2.22.3 Alankar udhyog Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Alankar udhyog Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.22.5 Alankar udhyog Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Realwell Machinery
- 2.23.1 Realwell Machinery Details
- 2.23.2 Realwell Machinery Major Business
- 2.23.3 Realwell Machinery Metal Straightening Press Machines Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Realwell Machinery Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.23.5 Realwell Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Metal Straightening Press Machines by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Metal Straightening Press Machines by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Metal Straightening Press Machines Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Metal Straightening Press Machines Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Metal Straightening Press Machines Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Metal Straightening Press Machines Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Drivers
- 12.2 Metal Straightening Press Machines Market Restraints
- 12.3 Metal Straightening Press Machines Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Metal Straightening Press Machines and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Metal Straightening Press Machines
- 13.3 Metal Straightening Press Machines Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Metal Straightening Press Machines Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Metal Straightening Press Machines Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Metal Straightening Press Machines market size was valued at US$ 1282 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 1882 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.7% during review period.
In this report, we will assess the current U.S. tariff framework alongside international policy adaptations, analyzing their effects on competitive market structures, regional economic dynamics, and supply chain resilience.
Metal straightening press machines are industrial machines designed to correct bends, warps, or distortions in metal parts or sheets by applying controlled mechanical or hydraulic force, ensuring the metal becomes flat or properly aligned for further use or processing.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Metal Straightening Press Machines market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Metal Straightening Press Machines market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Metal Straightening Press Machines market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Metal Straightening Press Machines market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Metal Straightening Press Machines market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Metal Straightening Press Machines
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Metal Straightening Press Machines market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include KBH Automation, MAE. Group (GESCO AG), Kokusai, Galdabini SPA, MG srl, Samick, Hines Industries, Heinrich Georg GmbH, Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company), Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd., etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Metal Straightening Press Machines market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Manual
Semi-automatic
Automatic
Market segment by Application
Shafts
Tubes
Rods
Profiles
Others
Major players covered
KBH Automation
MAE. Group (GESCO AG)
Kokusai
Galdabini SPA
MG srl
Samick
Hines Industries
Heinrich Georg GmbH
Coldwater (The Lincoln Electric Company)
Pegasys Systems Pvt. Ltd.
INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS RESEARCH
Macrodyne Technologies Inc.
Hangzhou Jizhi Mechatronic
Sentek Automation
Crowning
Bronx
Sinotest Equipment
Wuxi Meili Hydraulic Machine Factory
Teng zhou shang da automation equipment
Paramount Tool
AK Engineering
Alankar udhyog
Realwell Machinery
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Metal Straightening Press Machines product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Metal Straightening Press Machines, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Metal Straightening Press Machines from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Metal Straightening Press Machines competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Metal Straightening Press Machines breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Metal Straightening Press Machines market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Metal Straightening Press Machines.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Metal Straightening Press Machines sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.