Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Translucent Tube
- 1.3.3 Opaque Tube
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Medical
- 1.4.3 Biological Process
- 1.4.4 Other
- 1.5 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.5.2 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.5.3 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Liquidyne
- 2.1.1 Liquidyne Details
- 2.1.2 Liquidyne Major Business
- 2.1.3 Liquidyne Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Liquidyne Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Liquidyne Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Avantor Fluid Handling
- 2.2.1 Avantor Fluid Handling Details
- 2.2.2 Avantor Fluid Handling Major Business
- 2.2.3 Avantor Fluid Handling Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Avantor Fluid Handling Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Avantor Fluid Handling Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Ace Sanitary
- 2.3.1 Ace Sanitary Details
- 2.3.2 Ace Sanitary Major Business
- 2.3.3 Ace Sanitary Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Ace Sanitary Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Ace Sanitary Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 SaniSure
- 2.4.1 SaniSure Details
- 2.4.2 SaniSure Major Business
- 2.4.3 SaniSure Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.4.4 SaniSure Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 SaniSure Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Sartorius
- 2.5.1 Sartorius Details
- 2.5.2 Sartorius Major Business
- 2.5.3 Sartorius Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Sartorius Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Sartorius Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Watson-Marlow
- 2.6.1 Watson-Marlow Details
- 2.6.2 Watson-Marlow Major Business
- 2.6.3 Watson-Marlow Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Watson-Marlow Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Watson-Marlow Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries)
- 2.7.1 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries) Details
- 2.7.2 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries) Major Business
- 2.7.3 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries) Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.7.4 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries) Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries)
- 2.8.1 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries) Details
- 2.8.2 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries) Major Business
- 2.8.3 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries) Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.8.4 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries) Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries) Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Merck KGaA
- 2.9.1 Merck KGaA Details
- 2.9.2 Merck KGaA Major Business
- 2.9.3 Merck KGaA Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Merck KGaA Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Merck KGaA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Eldon James
- 2.10.1 Eldon James Details
- 2.10.2 Eldon James Major Business
- 2.10.3 Eldon James Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Eldon James Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Eldon James Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 GMPTEC
- 2.11.1 GMPTEC Details
- 2.11.2 GMPTEC Major Business
- 2.11.3 GMPTEC Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.11.4 GMPTEC Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 GMPTEC Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 ESI Technologies
- 2.12.1 ESI Technologies Details
- 2.12.2 ESI Technologies Major Business
- 2.12.3 ESI Technologies Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.12.4 ESI Technologies Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 ESI Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Purity One
- 2.13.1 Purity One Details
- 2.13.2 Purity One Major Business
- 2.13.3 Purity One Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Purity One Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Purity One Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences
- 2.14.1 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences Details
- 2.14.2 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences Major Business
- 2.14.3 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Saint-Gobain Life Sciences Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Kent Elastomer Products
- 2.15.1 Kent Elastomer Products Details
- 2.15.2 Kent Elastomer Products Major Business
- 2.15.3 Kent Elastomer Products Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Kent Elastomer Products Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Kent Elastomer Products Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 PBS Plastics
- 2.16.1 PBS Plastics Details
- 2.16.2 PBS Plastics Major Business
- 2.16.3 PBS Plastics Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.16.4 PBS Plastics Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 PBS Plastics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 AP Technologies
- 2.17.1 AP Technologies Details
- 2.17.2 AP Technologies Major Business
- 2.17.3 AP Technologies Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Product and Services
- 2.17.4 AP Technologies Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 AP Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Drivers
- 12.2 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Market Restraints
- 12.3 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing
- 13.3 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market size was valued at US$ 1395 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 2068 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.9% during review period.
Pipe fittings made of thermoplastic elastomers
According to our research, the global market for medical devices is estimated at US$ 603 billion in the year 2023, and will be growing at a CAGR of 5% during next six years. The global healthcare spending contributes to occupy 10% of the global GDP and is continuously rising in recent years due to the increasing health needs of the aging population, the growing prevalence of chronic and infectious diseases and the expansion of emerging markets. The medical devices market plays a significant role in the healthcare industry. The market is driven by several factors, including the increasing demand for advanced healthcare services globally, advancements in medical technology, growing geriatric population, rising healthcare expenditure, and increasing awareness about early disease diagnosis and treatment.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Liquidyne, Avantor Fluid Handling, Ace Sanitary, SaniSure, Sartorius, Watson-Marlow, AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries), WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries), Merck KGaA, Eldon James, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Translucent Tube
Opaque Tube
Market segment by Application
Medical
Biological Process
Other
Major players covered
Liquidyne
Avantor Fluid Handling
Ace Sanitary
SaniSure
Sartorius
Watson-Marlow
AdvantaPure (NewAge Industries)
WHK BioSystems (TSE Industries)
Merck KGaA
Eldon James
GMPTEC
ESI Technologies
Purity One
Saint-Gobain Life Sciences
Kent Elastomer Products
PBS Plastics
AP Technologies
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Medical Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) Tubing sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.