Table of Content

Part 1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Market Definition
• 1.2 Market Development
• 1.3 By Type
• 1.4 By Application
• 1.5 By Region

Part 2 Key Companies

• 2.1 THK
  • 2.1.1 Company Profile
  • 2.1.2 Products & Services Overview
  • 2.1.3 Sales Data List
• 2.2 HIWIN
• 2.3 NSK
• 2.4 Bosch Rexroth
• 2.5 IKO
• 2.6 Schaeffler
• 2.7 PMI
• 2.8 PBC Linear
• 2.9 Schneeberger
• 2.10 SBC
• 2.11 TBI MOTION
• 2.12 Rollon
• 2.13 CPC
• 2.14 Thomson
• 2.15 HTPM
• 2.16 Best Precision
• 2.17 Yigong China
• 2.18 HJMT
• 2.19 Golden CNC Group
• 2.20 Shandong Sair
• 2.21 Right Machinery
• 2.22 ZNT

Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast

• 3.1 Global Market by Region
• 3.2 Global Market by Company
• 3.3 Global Market by Type
• 3.4 Global Market by Application
• 3.5 Global Market by Forecast

Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast

• 4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type
• 4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application
• 4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography
  • 4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
• 4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast

Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast

• 5.1 Europe Market by Type
• 5.2 Europe Market by Application
• 5.3 Europe Market by Geography
  • 5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
• 5.4 Europe Market by Forecast

Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast

• 6.1 North America Market by Type
• 6.2 North America Market by Application
• 6.3 North America Market by Geography
  • 6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
• 6.4 North America Market by Forecast

Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast

• 7.1 South America Market by Type
• 7.2 South America Market by Application
• 7.3 South America Market by Geography
  • 7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
• 7.4 South America Market by Forecast

Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast

• 8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type
• 8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application
• 8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography
  • 8.3.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 8.3.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 8.3.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
• 8.4 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast

Part 9 Market Features

• 9.1 Product Features
• 9.2 Price Features
• 9.3 Channel Features
• 9.4 Purchasing Features

Part 10 Investment Opportunity

• 10.1 Regional Investment Opportunity
• 10.2 Industry Investment Opportunity

Part 11 Conclusion

List of Tables

Table Type of Linear Guide

Table Application of Linear Guide

Table THK Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of THK (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table HIWIN Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of HIWIN (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table NSK Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of NSK (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Bosch Rexroth Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Bosch Rexroth (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table IKO Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of IKO (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Schaeffler Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Schaeffler (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table PMI Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of PMI (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table PBC Linear Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of PBC Linear (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Schneeberger Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Schneeberger (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table SBC Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of SBC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table TBI MOTION Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of TBI MOTION (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Rollon Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Rollon (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table CPC Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of CPC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Thomson Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Thomson (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table HTPM Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of HTPM (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Best Precision Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Best Precision (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Yigong China Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Yigong China (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table HJMT Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of HJMT (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Golden CNC Group Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Golden CNC Group (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Shandong Sair Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Shandong Sair (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Right Machinery Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of Right Machinery (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table ZNT Overview List

Table Linear Guide Business Operation of ZNT (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Europe Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Europe Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Europe Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Europe Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table North America Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table North America Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table North America Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table North America Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table South America Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table South America Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table South America Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table South America Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

List of Figures

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Region in 2019

Figure Asia Linear Guide Market Share by Region in 2019

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Region in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Region in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Company in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Company in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Global Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure China Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure China Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure China Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure China Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Southeast Asia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Southeast Asia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Southeast Asia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Southeast Asia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure India Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure India Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure India Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure India Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Japan Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Japan Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Japan Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Japan Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Korea Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Korea Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Korea Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Korea Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Oceania Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Oceania Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Oceania Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Oceania Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Germany Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Germany Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Germany Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Germany Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure UK Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure UK Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure UK Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure UK Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure France Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure France Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure France Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure France Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Italy Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Italy Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Italy Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Italy Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Russia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Russia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Russia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Russia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Spain Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Spain Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Spain Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Spain Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Netherlands Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Netherlands Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Netherlands Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Netherlands Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Turkey Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Turkey Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Turkey Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Turkey Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Switzerland Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Switzerland Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Switzerland Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Switzerland Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure North America Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure United States Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure United States Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure United States Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure United States Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Canada Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Canada Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Canada Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Canada Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Mexico Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Mexico Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Mexico Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Mexico Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure South America Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Brazil Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Brazil Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Brazil Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Brazil Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Argentina Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Argentina Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Argentina Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Argentina Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Columbia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Columbia Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Columbia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Columbia Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Chile Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Chile Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Chile Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Chile Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Peru Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Peru Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Peru Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Peru Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure GCC Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure GCC Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure GCC Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure GCC Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure North Africa Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure North Africa Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure North Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure North Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure South Africa Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure South Africa Linear Guide Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure South Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure South Africa Linear Guide Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Summary
A Linear Guide (Linear rolling guide) allows a type of linear motion that utilizes rolling balls. By using circulating balls between the rail and the block, a Linear Guide can achieve high precision linear motion. Compared to a traditional slide, the coefficient of friction for a Linear Guide is only 1/50th. Because of the restraint effect between the rails and the blocks, Linear Guides can take up loads in both the up/down and the left/right directions. With these features, Linear Guides can greatly enhance moving accuracy; it is especially true when accompanied with precision ballscrews.
The report forecast global Linear Guide market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2024.
The report offers detailed coverage of Linear Guide industry and main market trends. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Linear Guide by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.
First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global Linear Guide market for 2015-2024.
And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru].
At the same time, we classify Linear Guide according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application.
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Linear Guide company.
Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) :
Part 1:
Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region
Part 2:
Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc.
Part 3:
Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography
Part 4:
Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 5:
Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 6:
North America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 7:
South America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 8:
Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 9:
Market Features
Part 10:
Investment Opportunity
Part 11:
Conclusion
Market Segment as follows:
By Region
Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia]
Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland]
North America[United States, Canada, Mexico]
Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa]
South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]
Key Companies
THK
HIWIN
NSK
Bosch Rexroth
IKO
Schaeffler
PMI
PBC Linear
Schneeberger
SBC
TBI MOTION
Rollon
CPC
Thomson
HTPM
Best Precision
Yigong China
HJMT
Golden CNC Group
Shandong Sair
Right Machinery
ZNT
Market by Type
Ball Guide
Roller guide
Needle guide
Market by Application
Wire EDM machines, CNC machines, as well as general machinery drive linear motion
CNC lathes, large CNC drilling and milling machines, composite Machining Center
Suitable for the limited size of the machine guide rail