Global Lift-Off Hinges Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Brass
- 1.3.3 Stainless Steel
- 1.3.4 Aluminum
- 1.3.5 Zinc Alloy
- 1.3.6 Plastic
- 1.3.7 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Household
- 1.4.3 Medical
- 1.4.4 Military
- 1.4.5 Agriculture
- 1.4.6 Automotive
- 1.4.7 Industrial
- 1.4.8 Others
- 1.5 Global Lift-Off Hinges Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.5.2 Global Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.5.3 Global Lift-Off Hinges Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Paneloc Corp.
- 2.1.1 Paneloc Corp. Details
- 2.1.2 Paneloc Corp. Major Business
- 2.1.3 Paneloc Corp. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Paneloc Corp. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Paneloc Corp. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 OneMonroe
- 2.2.1 OneMonroe Details
- 2.2.2 OneMonroe Major Business
- 2.2.3 OneMonroe Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.2.4 OneMonroe Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 OneMonroe Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 J.W. Winco, Inc.
- 2.3.1 J.W. Winco, Inc. Details
- 2.3.2 J.W. Winco, Inc. Major Business
- 2.3.3 J.W. Winco, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.3.4 J.W. Winco, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 J.W. Winco, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Rocky Mountain Motion Control
- 2.4.1 Rocky Mountain Motion Control Details
- 2.4.2 Rocky Mountain Motion Control Major Business
- 2.4.3 Rocky Mountain Motion Control Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Rocky Mountain Motion Control Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Rocky Mountain Motion Control Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Component Hardware Group
- 2.5.1 Component Hardware Group Details
- 2.5.2 Component Hardware Group Major Business
- 2.5.3 Component Hardware Group Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Component Hardware Group Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Component Hardware Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Camlock Systems, Inc.
- 2.6.1 Camlock Systems, Inc. Details
- 2.6.2 Camlock Systems, Inc. Major Business
- 2.6.3 Camlock Systems, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Camlock Systems, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Camlock Systems, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 DIRAK Inc.
- 2.7.1 DIRAK Inc. Details
- 2.7.2 DIRAK Inc. Major Business
- 2.7.3 DIRAK Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.7.4 DIRAK Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 DIRAK Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co.
- 2.8.1 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co. Details
- 2.8.2 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co. Major Business
- 2.8.3 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.8.4 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Timberlane, Inc.
- 2.9.1 Timberlane, Inc. Details
- 2.9.2 Timberlane, Inc. Major Business
- 2.9.3 Timberlane, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Timberlane, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Timberlane, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co.
- 2.10.1 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co. Details
- 2.10.2 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co. Major Business
- 2.10.3 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Houston Hinge & Hardware Co. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Faucher Industries Inc.
- 2.11.1 Faucher Industries Inc. Details
- 2.11.2 Faucher Industries Inc. Major Business
- 2.11.3 Faucher Industries Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Faucher Industries Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Faucher Industries Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Velko Hinge, Inc.
- 2.12.1 Velko Hinge, Inc. Details
- 2.12.2 Velko Hinge, Inc. Major Business
- 2.12.3 Velko Hinge, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Velko Hinge, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Velko Hinge, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Normont Systems
- 2.13.1 Normont Systems Details
- 2.13.2 Normont Systems Major Business
- 2.13.3 Normont Systems Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Normont Systems Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Normont Systems Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Rockford Systems LLC
- 2.14.1 Rockford Systems LLC Details
- 2.14.2 Rockford Systems LLC Major Business
- 2.14.3 Rockford Systems LLC Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Rockford Systems LLC Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Rockford Systems LLC Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Fath, Inc.
- 2.15.1 Fath, Inc. Details
- 2.15.2 Fath, Inc. Major Business
- 2.15.3 Fath, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Fath, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Fath, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Rainier Tent
- 2.16.1 Rainier Tent Details
- 2.16.2 Rainier Tent Major Business
- 2.16.3 Rainier Tent Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Rainier Tent Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 Rainier Tent Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Fabtech Supply
- 2.17.1 Fabtech Supply Details
- 2.17.2 Fabtech Supply Major Business
- 2.17.3 Fabtech Supply Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Fabtech Supply Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 Fabtech Supply Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 H.A. Guden Co., Inc.
- 2.18.1 H.A. Guden Co., Inc. Details
- 2.18.2 H.A. Guden Co., Inc. Major Business
- 2.18.3 H.A. Guden Co., Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.18.4 H.A. Guden Co., Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 H.A. Guden Co., Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Faztek, LLC
- 2.19.1 Faztek, LLC Details
- 2.19.2 Faztek, LLC Major Business
- 2.19.3 Faztek, LLC Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Faztek, LLC Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 Faztek, LLC Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc.
- 2.20.1 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc. Details
- 2.20.2 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc. Major Business
- 2.20.3 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Knuth Hinge Co., Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 EMKA, Inc.
- 2.21.1 EMKA, Inc. Details
- 2.21.2 EMKA, Inc. Major Business
- 2.21.3 EMKA, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.21.4 EMKA, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.21.5 EMKA, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc.
- 2.22.1 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc. Details
- 2.22.2 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc. Major Business
- 2.22.3 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.22.5 Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Kiesler Machine Inc
- 2.23.1 Kiesler Machine Inc Details
- 2.23.2 Kiesler Machine Inc Major Business
- 2.23.3 Kiesler Machine Inc Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Kiesler Machine Inc Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.23.5 Kiesler Machine Inc Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.24 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc.
- 2.24.1 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc. Details
- 2.24.2 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc. Major Business
- 2.24.3 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Product and Services
- 2.24.4 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc. Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.24.5 Jefco Manufacturing, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Lift-Off Hinges by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Lift-Off Hinges Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Lift-Off Hinges Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Lift-Off Hinges by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Lift-Off Hinges Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Lift-Off Hinges Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Lift-Off Hinges Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Lift-Off Hinges Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Lift-Off Hinges Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Lift-Off Hinges Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Lift-Off Hinges Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Lift-Off Hinges Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Lift-Off Hinges Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Lift-Off Hinges Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Lift-Off Hinges Market Drivers
- 12.2 Lift-Off Hinges Market Restraints
- 12.3 Lift-Off Hinges Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Lift-Off Hinges and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Lift-Off Hinges
- 13.3 Lift-Off Hinges Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Lift-Off Hinges Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Lift-Off Hinges Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Lift-Off Hinges market size was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ million by 2032 with a CAGR of %during review period.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Lift-Off Hinges market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Lift-Off Hinges market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Lift-Off Hinges market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Lift-Off Hinges market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Lift-Off Hinges market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Lift-Off Hinges
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Lift-Off Hinges market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Paneloc Corp., OneMonroe, J.W. Winco, Inc., Rocky Mountain Motion Control, Component Hardware Group, Camlock Systems, Inc., DIRAK Inc., E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co., Timberlane, Inc., Houston Hinge & Hardware Co., etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Lift-Off Hinges market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Brass
Stainless Steel
Aluminum
Zinc Alloy
Plastic
Others
Market segment by Application
Household
Medical
Military
Agriculture
Automotive
Industrial
Others
Major players covered
Paneloc Corp.
OneMonroe
J.W. Winco, Inc.
Rocky Mountain Motion Control
Component Hardware Group
Camlock Systems, Inc.
DIRAK Inc.
E.R. Wagner Mfg. Co.
Timberlane, Inc.
Houston Hinge & Hardware Co.
Faucher Industries Inc.
Velko Hinge, Inc.
Normont Systems
Rockford Systems LLC
Fath, Inc.
Rainier Tent
Fabtech Supply
H.A. Guden Co., Inc.
Faztek, LLC
Knuth Hinge Co., Inc.
EMKA, Inc.
Marlboro Manufacturing, Inc.
Kiesler Machine Inc
Jefco Manufacturing, Inc.
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Lift-Off Hinges product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Lift-Off Hinges, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Lift-Off Hinges from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Lift-Off Hinges competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Lift-Off Hinges breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Lift-Off Hinges market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Lift-Off Hinges.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Lift-Off Hinges sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.