Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 E-glass
- 1.3.3 C-glass
- 1.3.4 S-glass
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Twist Structure
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Twist Structure: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Primary Twisted Yarn
- 1.4.3 Plied Twisted Yarn
- 1.4.4 Cabled Twisted Yarn
- 1.4.5 Others
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Application Grade
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Application Grade: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Electronic-grade Yarn
- 1.5.3 Industrial-grade Yarn
- 1.5.4 Others
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Electronic Glass Fabric
- 1.6.3 Insulating Tapes and Electrical Materials
- 1.6.4 Filtration Fabrics
- 1.6.5 Industrial Fabrics and Mesh
- 1.6.6 Others
- 1.7 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 China Jushi
- 2.1.1 China Jushi Details
- 2.1.2 China Jushi Major Business
- 2.1.3 China Jushi Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.1.4 China Jushi Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 China Jushi Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex
- 2.2.1 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex Details
- 2.2.2 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex Major Business
- 2.2.3 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Saint-Gobain Vetrotex Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Nippon Electric Glass
- 2.3.1 Nippon Electric Glass Details
- 2.3.2 Nippon Electric Glass Major Business
- 2.3.3 Nippon Electric Glass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Nippon Electric Glass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Nippon Electric Glass Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Nittobo
- 2.4.1 Nittobo Details
- 2.4.2 Nittobo Major Business
- 2.4.3 Nittobo Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Nittobo Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Nittobo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Taishan Fiberglass
- 2.5.1 Taishan Fiberglass Details
- 2.5.2 Taishan Fiberglass Major Business
- 2.5.3 Taishan Fiberglass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Taishan Fiberglass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Taishan Fiberglass Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 CPIC
- 2.6.1 CPIC Details
- 2.6.2 CPIC Major Business
- 2.6.3 CPIC Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.6.4 CPIC Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 CPIC Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation
- 2.7.1 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation Details
- 2.7.2 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation Major Business
- 2.7.3 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.7.4 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 PFG Fiber Glass Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Fulltech Fiber Glass
- 2.8.1 Fulltech Fiber Glass Details
- 2.8.2 Fulltech Fiber Glass Major Business
- 2.8.3 Fulltech Fiber Glass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Fulltech Fiber Glass Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Fulltech Fiber Glass Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 AGY Holding Corp.
- 2.9.1 AGY Holding Corp. Details
- 2.9.2 AGY Holding Corp. Major Business
- 2.9.3 AGY Holding Corp. Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.9.4 AGY Holding Corp. Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 AGY Holding Corp. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 F.I.T Industrial
- 2.10.1 F.I.T Industrial Details
- 2.10.2 F.I.T Industrial Major Business
- 2.10.3 F.I.T Industrial Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.10.4 F.I.T Industrial Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 F.I.T Industrial Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Valmiera Glass Group
- 2.11.1 Valmiera Glass Group Details
- 2.11.2 Valmiera Glass Group Major Business
- 2.11.3 Valmiera Glass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Valmiera Glass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Valmiera Glass Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material
- 2.12.1 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material Details
- 2.12.2 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material Major Business
- 2.12.3 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Taiwan Glass Group
- 2.13.1 Taiwan Glass Group Details
- 2.13.2 Taiwan Glass Group Major Business
- 2.13.3 Taiwan Glass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Taiwan Glass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Taiwan Glass Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Shandong Fiberglass Group
- 2.14.1 Shandong Fiberglass Group Details
- 2.14.2 Shandong Fiberglass Group Major Business
- 2.14.3 Shandong Fiberglass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Shandong Fiberglass Group Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Shandong Fiberglass Group Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Drivers
- 12.2 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Market Restraints
- 12.3 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns
- 13.3 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market size was valued at US$ 2370 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 3288 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 4.8% during review period.
Glass fiber twisted yarnsare fine glass fiber yarn products made from continuous glass fiber strands through unwinding, doubling, twisting, plying, cabling, winding, heat-setting and sizing-compatible processing. They are generally treated as yarn products rather than roving products. Key upstream raw materials include silica sand, pyrophyllite, limestone, boron minerals, soda ash, kaolin, alumina, and sizing systems such as starch-based, silane-based, paraffin-based and reinforcement-oriented sizings. Twisting improves yarn cohesion, abrasion resistance, weaving stability and downstream processability. Major applications include electronic glass fabrics, insulating tapes, filtration fabrics, industrial textiles, fiberglass sleeves, construction mesh, high-temperature protective materials, composite reinforcement fabrics, sewing threads and braided materials.
In 2025, global glass fiber twisted yarns production reached approximately 1.5 million tons, with an average global market price is $1,500 per ton.
From a global industry perspective, glass fiber twisted yarns have evolved from general glass-fiber yarns into critical base materials for electrical and electronic applications, industrial protection, thermal insulation and composite reinforcement. Compared with untwisted rovings or PLY rovings, twisted yarns place greater emphasis on yarn cohesion, roundness, weaving stability, abrasion resistance, low fuzz and compatibility with fine- to medium-count textile processing. Compared with organic-fiber yarns, glass fiber offers non-combustibility, high strength, heat resistance, electrical insulation and dimensional stability, making it suitable for electrical insulation, high-temperature textiles, fire-retardant materials and structural reinforcement. E-glass yarns generally provide strong electrical insulation, moisture resistance and heat resistance, and can be processed into cloth, nets, tapes, braids and other industrial forms.
In terms of industry trends, glass fiber twisted yarns are moving toward finer counts, higher strength, lower fuzz, fewer breaks, stable twist, higher weaving efficiency, higher temperature resistance and optimized surface-sizing systems. Traditional products focused mainly on linear density, twist level, breaking strength and price, while customers in electronic fabrics, insulating sleeving, coated textiles and high-temperature protection increasingly require tension stability, controlled filament damage, yarn uniformity, sizing compatibility, weaving or braiding efficiency and batch consistency. Twisting improves yarn cohesion and processing stability, but excessive twist may affect flexibility, wet-out speed and composite interface performance, so different applications require tailored twist direction, twist level, ply count and glass type.
The main growth drivers come from three areas. First, electronic fabrics, copper-clad laminates, insulating sleeving, motor and transformer insulation, high-temperature industrial textiles and fire-protection materials continue to require stable, heat-resistant, insulating and weavable fiberglass yarns. Second, growth in electric vehicles, power equipment, data centers, wind power, rail transit, aerospace, industrial filtration and lightweight composites is raising requirements for low fuzz, low defect levels, high strength and strong consistency. Third, downstream weaving, braiding, coating, dipping, resin-composite and insulation-processing companies increasingly focus on processing efficiency, yarn breakage, surface-treatment matching and long-term reliability, turning glass fiber twisted yarns from general glass-fiber yarns into engineered intermediate materials for specific industrial conditions.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2021-2032
Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2021-2032
Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2021-2032
Global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Kilotons), and ASP (US$/Ton), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include China Jushi, Saint-Gobain Vetrotex, Nippon Electric Glass, Nittobo, Taishan Fiberglass, CPIC, PFG Fiber Glass Corporation, Fulltech Fiber Glass, AGY Holding Corp., F.I.T Industrial, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
E-glass
C-glass
S-glass
Others
Market segment by Twist Structure
Primary Twisted Yarn
Plied Twisted Yarn
Cabled Twisted Yarn
Others
Market segment by Application Grade
Electronic-grade Yarn
Industrial-grade Yarn
Others
Market segment by Application
Electronic Glass Fabric
Insulating Tapes and Electrical Materials
Filtration Fabrics
Industrial Fabrics and Mesh
Others
Major players covered
China Jushi
Saint-Gobain Vetrotex
Nippon Electric Glass
Nittobo
Taishan Fiberglass
CPIC
PFG Fiber Glass Corporation
Fulltech Fiber Glass
AGY Holding Corp.
F.I.T Industrial
Valmiera Glass Group
Jiangxi HuaYuan New Material
Taiwan Glass Group
Shandong Fiberglass Group
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Glass Fiber Twisted Yarns sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.