Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 Power <6kw
- 1.3.3 Power 6-8kw
- 1.3.4 Power>8kw
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
- 1.4.3 Nutraceuticals
- 1.4.4 Scientific Research
- 1.5 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Syntegon Technology
- 2.1.1 Syntegon Technology Details
- 2.1.2 Syntegon Technology Major Business
- 2.1.3 Syntegon Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Syntegon Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 Syntegon Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Mettler Toledo
- 2.2.1 Mettler Toledo Details
- 2.2.2 Mettler Toledo Major Business
- 2.2.3 Mettler Toledo Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Mettler Toledo Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 Mettler Toledo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 IMA
- 2.3.1 IMA Details
- 2.3.2 IMA Major Business
- 2.3.3 IMA Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.3.4 IMA Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 IMA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Schaefer Technologies
- 2.4.1 Schaefer Technologies Details
- 2.4.2 Schaefer Technologies Major Business
- 2.4.3 Schaefer Technologies Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Schaefer Technologies Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 Schaefer Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Fette Compacting
- 2.5.1 Fette Compacting Details
- 2.5.2 Fette Compacting Major Business
- 2.5.3 Fette Compacting Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Fette Compacting Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 Fette Compacting Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 United Pharmatek
- 2.6.1 United Pharmatek Details
- 2.6.2 United Pharmatek Major Business
- 2.6.3 United Pharmatek Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.6.4 United Pharmatek Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 United Pharmatek Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 MG America
- 2.7.1 MG America Details
- 2.7.2 MG America Major Business
- 2.7.3 MG America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.7.4 MG America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 MG America Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Adinath International
- 2.8.1 Adinath International Details
- 2.8.2 Adinath International Major Business
- 2.8.3 Adinath International Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Adinath International Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 Adinath International Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 ACG Worldwide
- 2.9.1 ACG Worldwide Details
- 2.9.2 ACG Worldwide Major Business
- 2.9.3 ACG Worldwide Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.9.4 ACG Worldwide Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 ACG Worldwide Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Lonza
- 2.10.1 Lonza Details
- 2.10.2 Lonza Major Business
- 2.10.3 Lonza Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Lonza Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Lonza Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Anchor Mark
- 2.11.1 Anchor Mark Details
- 2.11.2 Anchor Mark Major Business
- 2.11.3 Anchor Mark Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Anchor Mark Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 Anchor Mark Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Karnavati Engineering
- 2.12.1 Karnavati Engineering Details
- 2.12.2 Karnavati Engineering Major Business
- 2.12.3 Karnavati Engineering Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Karnavati Engineering Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 Karnavati Engineering Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Feton
- 2.13.1 Feton Details
- 2.13.2 Feton Major Business
- 2.13.3 Feton Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Feton Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Feton Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Qualicaps
- 2.14.1 Qualicaps Details
- 2.14.2 Qualicaps Major Business
- 2.14.3 Qualicaps Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Qualicaps Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Qualicaps Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology
- 2.15.1 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology Details
- 2.15.2 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology Major Business
- 2.15.3 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery
- 2.16.1 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery Details
- 2.16.2 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery Major Business
- 2.16.3 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.16.5 Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery
- 2.17.1 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery Details
- 2.17.2 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery Major Business
- 2.17.3 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.17.5 Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment
- 2.18.1 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment Details
- 2.18.2 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment Major Business
- 2.18.3 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.18.5 Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Hunan Truking Technology
- 2.19.1 Hunan Truking Technology Details
- 2.19.2 Hunan Truking Technology Major Business
- 2.19.3 Hunan Truking Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Hunan Truking Technology Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.19.5 Hunan Truking Technology Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Drivers
- 12.2 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Market Restraints
- 12.3 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine
- 13.3 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market size was valued at US$ 399 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 572 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.3% during review period.
In this report, we will assess the current U.S. tariff framework alongside international policy adaptations, analyzing their effects on competitive market structures, regional economic dynamics, and supply chain resilience.
The fully automatic hard capsule filling machine is an automated equipment used in industries such as medicine and health products. It can efficiently and accurately fill powders, particles, microspheres, and other fillers into the hard capsule shell, and complete processes such as capsule locking and discharge. This device is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve production efficiency, reduce manual intervention, and ensure product quality.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (K US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (K US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (K US$/Unit), 2020-2031
Global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and ASP (K US$/Unit), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Syntegon Technology, Mettler Toledo, IMA, Schaefer Technologies, Fette Compacting, United Pharmatek, MG America, Adinath International, ACG Worldwide, Lonza, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Power <6kw
Power 6-8kw
Power>8kw
Market segment by Application
Pharmaceutical Industry
Nutraceuticals
Scientific Research
Major players covered
Syntegon Technology
Mettler Toledo
IMA
Schaefer Technologies
Fette Compacting
United Pharmatek
MG America
Adinath International
ACG Worldwide
Lonza
Anchor Mark
Karnavati Engineering
Feton
Qualicaps
Beijing Hanlin Hangyu Technology
Zhejiang Fuchang Machinery
Zhejiang Hualian Pharmaceutical Machinery
Shanghai Tianhe Machinery Equipment
Hunan Truking Technology
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Fully Automatic Hard Capsule Filling Machine sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.