Global Floor Drainage Systems Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Spring-type Floor Drain
- 1.3.3 Suction Stone Floor Drain
- 1.3.4 Gravity Floor Drain
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Materials
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Materials: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Stainless Steel
- 1.4.3 Plastic
- 1.4.4 Other
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Shape
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Shape: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Square Drain
- 1.5.3 Round Drain
- 1.5.4 Corner Drain
- 1.5.5 Other
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Household Used
- 1.6.3 Commercial Used
- 1.7 Global Floor Drainage Systems Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Floor Drainage Systems Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Geberit
- 2.1.1 Geberit Details
- 2.1.2 Geberit Major Business
- 2.1.3 Geberit Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Geberit Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Geberit Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Aliaxis
- 2.2.1 Aliaxis Details
- 2.2.2 Aliaxis Major Business
- 2.2.3 Aliaxis Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Aliaxis Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Aliaxis Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Schluter-Systems
- 2.3.1 Schluter-Systems Details
- 2.3.2 Schluter-Systems Major Business
- 2.3.3 Schluter-Systems Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Schluter-Systems Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Schluter-Systems Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Watts Water Technologies
- 2.4.1 Watts Water Technologies Details
- 2.4.2 Watts Water Technologies Major Business
- 2.4.3 Watts Water Technologies Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Watts Water Technologies Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Watts Water Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 McWane
- 2.5.1 McWane Details
- 2.5.2 McWane Major Business
- 2.5.3 McWane Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.5.4 McWane Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 McWane Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 BLS Industries
- 2.6.1 BLS Industries Details
- 2.6.2 BLS Industries Major Business
- 2.6.3 BLS Industries Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.6.4 BLS Industries Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 BLS Industries Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Jomoo
- 2.7.1 Jomoo Details
- 2.7.2 Jomoo Major Business
- 2.7.3 Jomoo Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Jomoo Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Jomoo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 ACO
- 2.8.1 ACO Details
- 2.8.2 ACO Major Business
- 2.8.3 ACO Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.8.4 ACO Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 ACO Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Sioux Chief Mfg
- 2.9.1 Sioux Chief Mfg Details
- 2.9.2 Sioux Chief Mfg Major Business
- 2.9.3 Sioux Chief Mfg Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Sioux Chief Mfg Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Sioux Chief Mfg Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Beijing Runde Hongtu
- 2.10.1 Beijing Runde Hongtu Details
- 2.10.2 Beijing Runde Hongtu Major Business
- 2.10.3 Beijing Runde Hongtu Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Beijing Runde Hongtu Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Beijing Runde Hongtu Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Jay R. Smith Mfg
- 2.11.1 Jay R. Smith Mfg Details
- 2.11.2 Jay R. Smith Mfg Major Business
- 2.11.3 Jay R. Smith Mfg Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Jay R. Smith Mfg Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Jay R. Smith Mfg Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Zurn Industries
- 2.12.1 Zurn Industries Details
- 2.12.2 Zurn Industries Major Business
- 2.12.3 Zurn Industries Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Zurn Industries Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Zurn Industries Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 KESSEL AG
- 2.13.1 KESSEL AG Details
- 2.13.2 KESSEL AG Major Business
- 2.13.3 KESSEL AG Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.13.4 KESSEL AG Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 KESSEL AG Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Infinity Drain
- 2.14.1 Infinity Drain Details
- 2.14.2 Infinity Drain Major Business
- 2.14.3 Infinity Drain Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Infinity Drain Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Infinity Drain Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Ferplast Srl
- 2.15.1 Ferplast Srl Details
- 2.15.2 Ferplast Srl Major Business
- 2.15.3 Ferplast Srl Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Ferplast Srl Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Ferplast Srl Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 ESS
- 2.16.1 ESS Details
- 2.16.2 ESS Major Business
- 2.16.3 ESS Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.16.4 ESS Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 ESS Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Gridiron SpA
- 2.17.1 Gridiron SpA Details
- 2.17.2 Gridiron SpA Major Business
- 2.17.3 Gridiron SpA Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Gridiron SpA Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 Gridiron SpA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Viega
- 2.18.1 Viega Details
- 2.18.2 Viega Major Business
- 2.18.3 Viega Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Viega Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 Viega Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 OMP TEA
- 2.19.1 OMP TEA Details
- 2.19.2 OMP TEA Major Business
- 2.19.3 OMP TEA Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.19.4 OMP TEA Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 OMP TEA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Caggiati Maurizio
- 2.20.1 Caggiati Maurizio Details
- 2.20.2 Caggiati Maurizio Major Business
- 2.20.3 Caggiati Maurizio Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Caggiati Maurizio Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Caggiati Maurizio Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 AWI
- 2.21.1 AWI Details
- 2.21.2 AWI Major Business
- 2.21.3 AWI Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.21.4 AWI Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.21.5 AWI Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 TECE
- 2.22.1 TECE Details
- 2.22.2 TECE Major Business
- 2.22.3 TECE Floor Drainage Systems Product and Services
- 2.22.4 TECE Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.22.5 TECE Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Floor Drainage Systems by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Floor Drainage Systems Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Floor Drainage Systems Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Floor Drainage Systems by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Floor Drainage Systems Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Floor Drainage Systems Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Floor Drainage Systems Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Floor Drainage Systems Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Floor Drainage Systems Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Floor Drainage Systems Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Floor Drainage Systems Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Floor Drainage Systems Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Floor Drainage Systems Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Floor Drainage Systems Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Floor Drainage Systems Market Drivers
- 12.2 Floor Drainage Systems Market Restraints
- 12.3 Floor Drainage Systems Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Floor Drainage Systems and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Floor Drainage Systems
- 13.3 Floor Drainage Systems Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Floor Drainage Systems Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Floor Drainage Systems Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Floor Drainage Systems market size was valued at US$ 2236 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 3147 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.0% during review period.
Floor Drainage Systems are also called gullies or point drains. They are used for carrying away water from industrial surfaces to sewage system or they are an outlet of standard or slot channels.
In 2025, global Floor Drainage Systems sales volume reached approximately 86.9 million units, with an average price of approximately US$ 25 per unit.
Bathroom renovation, wet-room design, and barrier-free shower adoption are driving demand in residential and hospitality markets. Floor drainage systems are increasingly used not only as basic plumbing components but also as part of modern bathroom design, especially in walk-in showers, wet rooms, curbless showers, and accessible bathrooms. The 2025 Houzz Bathroom Trends Study reported that 39% of renovating homeowners enlarged their showers, while wet rooms accounted for 16% of renovated bathrooms and were chosen for better space use, aesthetics, and accessibility. This supports demand for linear drains, wall drains, tile-in drains, stainless steel channels, and higher-design-value shower drainage products.
Commercial hygiene and water-management requirements support steady demand in foodservice, healthcare, hospitality, and public facilities. Floor drainage systems are essential in commercial kitchens, hospitals, laboratories, laundries, locker rooms, swimming pools, food processing plants, and public restrooms because these environments require frequent washdown, wastewater removal, odor control, and easy cleaning. Floor drains are designed to remove standing water, and floor sinks are commonly used in commercial kitchens and some hospital applications as indirect waste receptors. This creates recurring demand for stainless steel drains, trench drains, anti-odor drains, easy-clean grates, sediment baskets, grease-management interfaces, and high-flow systems.
Urban flooding, heavier rainfall, and climate-resilience investment are increasing demand for drainage infrastructure. Beyond indoor bathrooms and commercial floors, floor and trench drainage systems are used in garages, parking areas, industrial yards, transit facilities, warehouses, loading bays, and urban hardscape projects. Surface-water flooding risk is rising in many urban areas due to heavier rainfall, aging infrastructure, and rapid urbanization; recent reporting on England found that urban areas contain a large majority of homes at high flood risk, mainly from surface-water flooding. Cities are also updating stormwater drainage master plans to address waterlogging, urban flooding, and infrastructure stress under climate-change conditions. These trends support demand for trench drains, slot drains, heavy-duty grates, stormwater channels, and integrated floor/surface drainage systems.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Floor Drainage Systems market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Floor Drainage Systems market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Floor Drainage Systems market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Floor Drainage Systems market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Floor Drainage Systems market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Floor Drainage Systems
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Floor Drainage Systems market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Geberit, Aliaxis, Schluter-Systems, Watts Water Technologies, McWane, BLS Industries, Jomoo, ACO, Sioux Chief Mfg, Beijing Runde Hongtu, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Floor Drainage Systems market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Spring-type Floor Drain
Suction Stone Floor Drain
Gravity Floor Drain
Others
Market segment by Materials
Stainless Steel
Plastic
Other
Market segment by Shape
Square Drain
Round Drain
Corner Drain
Other
Market segment by Application
Household Used
Commercial Used
Major players covered
Geberit
Aliaxis
Schluter-Systems
Watts Water Technologies
McWane
BLS Industries
Jomoo
ACO
Sioux Chief Mfg
Beijing Runde Hongtu
Jay R. Smith Mfg
Zurn Industries
KESSEL AG
Infinity Drain
Ferplast Srl
ESS
Gridiron SpA
Viega
OMP TEA
Caggiati Maurizio
AWI
TECE
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Floor Drainage Systems product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Floor Drainage Systems, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Floor Drainage Systems from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Floor Drainage Systems competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Floor Drainage Systems breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Floor Drainage Systems market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Floor Drainage Systems.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Floor Drainage Systems sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.