Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Cobalt-Based Catalyst
- 1.3.3 Iron-Based Catalyst
- 1.3.4 Bifunctional Catalyst
- 1.3.5 Ruthenium / Other Metal Catalyst
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Reactor Type
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Reactor Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Slurry-Bed Catalyst
- 1.4.3 Fixed-Bed Catalyst
- 1.4.4 Microchannel Catalyst
- 1.4.5 Fluidized-Bed Catalyst
- 1.4.6 Other Reactor Catalyst
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Feedstock Route
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Feedstock Route: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 GTL Catalyst
- 1.5.3 CTL Catalyst
- 1.5.4 BTL Catalyst
- 1.5.5 PtL Catalyst
- 1.5.6 Waste-to-Liquid Catalyst
- 1.5.7 Other Feedstock Catalyst
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Target Product
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Target Product: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Wax-Oriented Catalyst
- 1.6.3 Distillate-Oriented Catalyst
- 1.6.4 Olefin-Oriented Catalyst
- 1.6.5 Gasoline-Oriented Catalyst
- 1.6.6 Jet-Fuel-Oriented Catalyst
- 1.6.7 Other Product Catalyst
- 1.7 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.7.1 Overview: Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.7.2 Synthetic Diesel Production
- 1.7.3 Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production
- 1.7.4 Synthetic Wax Production
- 1.7.5 Synthetic Base Oil Production
- 1.7.6 Naphtha and Chemical Feedstock Production
- 1.7.7 Olefins Production
- 1.7.8 Stranded Gas Monetization
- 1.8 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size & Forecast
- 1.8.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.8.2 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.8.3 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Sasol
- 2.1.1 Sasol Details
- 2.1.2 Sasol Major Business
- 2.1.3 Sasol Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Sasol Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Sasol Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Johnson Matthey
- 2.2.1 Johnson Matthey Details
- 2.2.2 Johnson Matthey Major Business
- 2.2.3 Johnson Matthey Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Johnson Matthey Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Johnson Matthey Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Shell
- 2.3.1 Shell Details
- 2.3.2 Shell Major Business
- 2.3.3 Shell Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Shell Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Shell Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Velocys
- 2.4.1 Velocys Details
- 2.4.2 Velocys Major Business
- 2.4.3 Velocys Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Velocys Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Velocys Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Emerging Fuels Technology
- 2.5.1 Emerging Fuels Technology Details
- 2.5.2 Emerging Fuels Technology Major Business
- 2.5.3 Emerging Fuels Technology Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Emerging Fuels Technology Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Emerging Fuels Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Axens
- 2.6.1 Axens Details
- 2.6.2 Axens Major Business
- 2.6.3 Axens Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Axens Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Axens Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Synfuels China
- 2.7.1 Synfuels China Details
- 2.7.2 Synfuels China Major Business
- 2.7.3 Synfuels China Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Synfuels China Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Synfuels China Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 CHN Energy
- 2.8.1 CHN Energy Details
- 2.8.2 CHN Energy Major Business
- 2.8.3 CHN Energy Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.8.4 CHN Energy Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 CHN Energy Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Hebei Xinpeng New Material
- 2.9.1 Hebei Xinpeng New Material Details
- 2.9.2 Hebei Xinpeng New Material Major Business
- 2.9.3 Hebei Xinpeng New Material Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Hebei Xinpeng New Material Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Hebei Xinpeng New Material Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 INFRA Synthetic Fuels
- 2.10.1 INFRA Synthetic Fuels Details
- 2.10.2 INFRA Synthetic Fuels Major Business
- 2.10.3 INFRA Synthetic Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.10.4 INFRA Synthetic Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 INFRA Synthetic Fuels Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Dimensional Energy
- 2.11.1 Dimensional Energy Details
- 2.11.2 Dimensional Energy Major Business
- 2.11.3 Dimensional Energy Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Dimensional Energy Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Dimensional Energy Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Greyrock
- 2.12.1 Greyrock Details
- 2.12.2 Greyrock Major Business
- 2.12.3 Greyrock Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Greyrock Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Greyrock Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Drivers
- 12.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Market Restraints
- 12.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst
- 13.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market size was valued at US$ 1389 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 2140 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 6.3% during review period.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts are heterogeneous catalysts used to convert syngas, consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into liquid hydrocarbons, synthetic waxes, olefins, and fuels that can be further upgraded through the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. This product mainly serves integrated processes such as GTL, CTL, BTL, PtL/e-SAF, and waste-to-liquid fuels. Key performance indicators include CO conversion, C5+ selectivity, methane and CO₂ by-product control, catalyst lifetime, poisoning resistance, and compatibility with reactor heat removal capacity. The overall gross margin is approximately 38%; cobalt-based and license-tied products have higher margins, while iron-based replacement products for coal-to-liquids are relatively lower.
Demand mainly comes from three types of units: periodic catalyst replacement in existing GTL/CTL plants, engineering scale-up of new BTL, waste-to-liquid, and PtL/e-SAF projects, and technical upgrades in coal-to-liquids units to improve selectivity and reduce CO₂ by-products. Traditional large-scale units provide a stable base, while incremental demand comes more from aviation fuel decarbonization. This is because the FT-SPK pathway is already an important certified route for sustainable aviation fuel, and project owners usually procure catalysts, reactors, process packages, and downstream hydro-upgrading as an integrated solution.
On the supply side, the market is dominated by a small number of technology licensors and large energy and chemical companies. Cobalt-based catalysts are suitable for syngas with high H₂/CO ratios from natural gas, green hydrogen/CO₂, and biomass sources, and their price and margins are largely affected by cobalt loading, support structure, and lifetime. Iron-based catalysts are more suitable for coal-derived or low H₂/CO syngas and have water-gas shift activity. They have lower costs but higher requirements for selectivity and stability management. Future competition will not only focus on active metal formulations, but also on the overall matching of catalysts with reactor heat removal, wax separation, regeneration, and engineering guarantees.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (kg), and average selling prices (US$/kg), 2021-2032
Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (kg), and average selling prices (US$/kg), 2021-2032
Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (kg), and average selling prices (US$/kg), 2021-2032
Global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (kg), and ASP (US$/kg), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Sasol, Johnson Matthey, Shell, Velocys, Emerging Fuels Technology, Axens, Synfuels China, CHN Energy, Hebei Xinpeng New Material, INFRA Synthetic Fuels, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Cobalt-Based Catalyst
Iron-Based Catalyst
Bifunctional Catalyst
Ruthenium / Other Metal Catalyst
Market segment by Reactor Type
Slurry-Bed Catalyst
Fixed-Bed Catalyst
Microchannel Catalyst
Fluidized-Bed Catalyst
Other Reactor Catalyst
Market segment by Feedstock Route
GTL Catalyst
CTL Catalyst
BTL Catalyst
PtL Catalyst
Waste-to-Liquid Catalyst
Other Feedstock Catalyst
Market segment by Target Product
Wax-Oriented Catalyst
Distillate-Oriented Catalyst
Olefin-Oriented Catalyst
Gasoline-Oriented Catalyst
Jet-Fuel-Oriented Catalyst
Other Product Catalyst
Market segment by Application
Synthetic Diesel Production
Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production
Synthetic Wax Production
Synthetic Base Oil Production
Naphtha and Chemical Feedstock Production
Olefins Production
Stranded Gas Monetization
Major players covered
Sasol
Johnson Matthey
Shell
Velocys
Emerging Fuels Technology
Axens
Synfuels China
CHN Energy
Hebei Xinpeng New Material
INFRA Synthetic Fuels
Dimensional Energy
Greyrock
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.