Global Fancy Yarn Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 Chenille Yarn
- 1.3.3 Gimp Yarn
- 1.3.4 Loop Yarn
- 1.3.5 Knop Yarn
- 1.3.6 Slub Yarn
- 1.3.7 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Garment Industry
- 1.4.3 Garment Accessory
- 1.4.4 Carpet and Others
- 1.5 Global Fancy Yarn Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Fancy Yarn Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Huayi Yarn
- 2.1.1 Huayi Yarn Details
- 2.1.2 Huayi Yarn Major Business
- 2.1.3 Huayi Yarn Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Huayi Yarn Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 Huayi Yarn Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Fan Xuan Yang
- 2.2.1 Fan Xuan Yang Details
- 2.2.2 Fan Xuan Yang Major Business
- 2.2.3 Fan Xuan Yang Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Fan Xuan Yang Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 Fan Xuan Yang Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Tiantianrun
- 2.3.1 Tiantianrun Details
- 2.3.2 Tiantianrun Major Business
- 2.3.3 Tiantianrun Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Tiantianrun Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 Tiantianrun Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 AA GLOBAL
- 2.4.1 AA GLOBAL Details
- 2.4.2 AA GLOBAL Major Business
- 2.4.3 AA GLOBAL Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.4.4 AA GLOBAL Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 AA GLOBAL Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Woolen Co.
- 2.5.1 Woolen Co. Details
- 2.5.2 Woolen Co. Major Business
- 2.5.3 Woolen Co. Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Woolen Co. Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 Woolen Co. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Changzhou Elite
- 2.6.1 Changzhou Elite Details
- 2.6.2 Changzhou Elite Major Business
- 2.6.3 Changzhou Elite Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Changzhou Elite Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 Changzhou Elite Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Consinee
- 2.7.1 Consinee Details
- 2.7.2 Consinee Major Business
- 2.7.3 Consinee Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Consinee Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 Consinee Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Tongxiang Import and Export
- 2.8.1 Tongxiang Import and Export Details
- 2.8.2 Tongxiang Import and Export Major Business
- 2.8.3 Tongxiang Import and Export Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Tongxiang Import and Export Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 Tongxiang Import and Export Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Damodar
- 2.9.1 Damodar Details
- 2.9.2 Damodar Major Business
- 2.9.3 Damodar Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Damodar Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 Damodar Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Amarjothi
- 2.10.1 Amarjothi Details
- 2.10.2 Amarjothi Major Business
- 2.10.3 Amarjothi Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Amarjothi Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Amarjothi Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Sulochana
- 2.11.1 Sulochana Details
- 2.11.2 Sulochana Major Business
- 2.11.3 Sulochana Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Sulochana Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 Sulochana Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Loyal Textile Mills
- 2.12.1 Loyal Textile Mills Details
- 2.12.2 Loyal Textile Mills Major Business
- 2.12.3 Loyal Textile Mills Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Loyal Textile Mills Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 Loyal Textile Mills Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Reliance Weaving Mills
- 2.13.1 Reliance Weaving Mills Details
- 2.13.2 Reliance Weaving Mills Major Business
- 2.13.3 Reliance Weaving Mills Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Reliance Weaving Mills Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Reliance Weaving Mills Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Rajvir Industries
- 2.14.1 Rajvir Industries Details
- 2.14.2 Rajvir Industries Major Business
- 2.14.3 Rajvir Industries Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Rajvir Industries Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Rajvir Industries Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Sujata Synthetics
- 2.15.1 Sujata Synthetics Details
- 2.15.2 Sujata Synthetics Major Business
- 2.15.3 Sujata Synthetics Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Sujata Synthetics Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 Sujata Synthetics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 BK International Group
- 2.16.1 BK International Group Details
- 2.16.2 BK International Group Major Business
- 2.16.3 BK International Group Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.16.4 BK International Group Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.16.5 BK International Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Monticolor
- 2.17.1 Monticolor Details
- 2.17.2 Monticolor Major Business
- 2.17.3 Monticolor Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Monticolor Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.17.5 Monticolor Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Lanificio dell’Olivo
- 2.18.1 Lanificio dell’Olivo Details
- 2.18.2 Lanificio dell’Olivo Major Business
- 2.18.3 Lanificio dell’Olivo Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Lanificio dell’Olivo Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.18.5 Lanificio dell’Olivo Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Lane Mondial
- 2.19.1 Lane Mondial Details
- 2.19.2 Lane Mondial Major Business
- 2.19.3 Lane Mondial Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Lane Mondial Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.19.5 Lane Mondial Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Adriafil
- 2.20.1 Adriafil Details
- 2.20.2 Adriafil Major Business
- 2.20.3 Adriafil Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Adriafil Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.20.5 Adriafil Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Muradim
- 2.21.1 Muradim Details
- 2.21.2 Muradim Major Business
- 2.21.3 Muradim Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Muradim Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.21.5 Muradim Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 NORD CINIGLIA
- 2.22.1 NORD CINIGLIA Details
- 2.22.2 NORD CINIGLIA Major Business
- 2.22.3 NORD CINIGLIA Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.22.4 NORD CINIGLIA Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.22.5 NORD CINIGLIA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Torcitura Padana
- 2.23.1 Torcitura Padana Details
- 2.23.2 Torcitura Padana Major Business
- 2.23.3 Torcitura Padana Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Torcitura Padana Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.23.5 Torcitura Padana Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.24 GB filati
- 2.24.1 GB filati Details
- 2.24.2 GB filati Major Business
- 2.24.3 GB filati Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.24.4 GB filati Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.24.5 GB filati Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.25 Karbel
- 2.25.1 Karbel Details
- 2.25.2 Karbel Major Business
- 2.25.3 Karbel Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.25.4 Karbel Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.25.5 Karbel Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.26 Etoliplik
- 2.26.1 Etoliplik Details
- 2.26.2 Etoliplik Major Business
- 2.26.3 Etoliplik Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.26.4 Etoliplik Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.26.5 Etoliplik Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.27 KONGKIAT
- 2.27.1 KONGKIAT Details
- 2.27.2 KONGKIAT Major Business
- 2.27.3 KONGKIAT Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.27.4 KONGKIAT Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.27.5 KONGKIAT Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.28 Laxtons
- 2.28.1 Laxtons Details
- 2.28.2 Laxtons Major Business
- 2.28.3 Laxtons Fancy Yarn Product and Services
- 2.28.4 Laxtons Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.28.5 Laxtons Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Fancy Yarn by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Fancy Yarn Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Fancy Yarn Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Fancy Yarn by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Fancy Yarn Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Fancy Yarn Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Fancy Yarn Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Fancy Yarn Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Fancy Yarn Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Fancy Yarn Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Fancy Yarn Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Fancy Yarn Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Fancy Yarn Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Fancy Yarn Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Fancy Yarn Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Fancy Yarn Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Fancy Yarn Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Fancy Yarn Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Fancy Yarn Market Drivers
- 12.2 Fancy Yarn Market Restraints
- 12.3 Fancy Yarn Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Fancy Yarn and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Fancy Yarn
- 13.3 Fancy Yarn Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Fancy Yarn Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Fancy Yarn Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Fancy Yarn market size was valued at US$ 4498 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 5979 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.2% during review period.
A fancy yarn is a kind of yarn that differs from normal construction of single plain yarns by the way deliberately produced irregularities in its construction. These irregularities relate to an increased input of one or more of its components or to the inclusion of its periodic effects such as knots, slubs, curls or the like.
The GLOBAL fancy Yarn market is fragmented, with major players including Huayi Yarn, Fan Xuan Yang, Tiantianrun, Monticolor, Lanificio Dell "OLIVo, AA Global, and Woolen Co.
The top seven manufacturers have about 2% of the market share.
Europe is the largest market for fancy yarns with a market share of about 45 percent, followed by the United States with about 40 percent.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Fancy Yarn market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Fancy Yarn market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (MT), and average selling prices (USD/MT), 2020-2031
Global Fancy Yarn market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (MT), and average selling prices (USD/MT), 2020-2031
Global Fancy Yarn market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (MT), and average selling prices (USD/MT), 2020-2031
Global Fancy Yarn market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (MT), and ASP (USD/MT), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Fancy Yarn
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Fancy Yarn market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Huayi Yarn, Fan Xuan Yang, Tiantianrun, AA GLOBAL, Woolen Co., Changzhou Elite, Consinee, Tongxiang Import and Export, Damodar, Amarjothi, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Fancy Yarn market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Chenille Yarn
Gimp Yarn
Loop Yarn
Knop Yarn
Slub Yarn
Others
Market segment by Application
Garment Industry
Garment Accessory
Carpet and Others
Major players covered
Huayi Yarn
Fan Xuan Yang
Tiantianrun
AA GLOBAL
Woolen Co.
Changzhou Elite
Consinee
Tongxiang Import and Export
Damodar
Amarjothi
Sulochana
Loyal Textile Mills
Reliance Weaving Mills
Rajvir Industries
Sujata Synthetics
BK International Group
Monticolor
Lanificio dell’Olivo
Lane Mondial
Adriafil
Muradim
NORD CINIGLIA
Torcitura Padana
GB filati
Karbel
Etoliplik
KONGKIAT
Laxtons
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Fancy Yarn product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Fancy Yarn, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Fancy Yarn from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Fancy Yarn competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Fancy Yarn breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Fancy Yarn market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Fancy Yarn.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Fancy Yarn sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.