Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Unsupported ePTFE Membrane
- 1.3.3 Supported ePTFE Membrane
- 1.3.4 Laminated ePTFE Membrane
- 1.3.5 Adhesive-backed ePTFE Membrane
- 1.3.6 Reinforced ePTFE Membrane
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Base Material
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Base Material: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Polyester Nonwoven-based Membrane
- 1.4.3 Polypropylene Nonwoven-based Membrane
- 1.4.4 Fiberglass-based Membrane
- 1.4.5 PPS Felt-based Membrane
- 1.4.6 Aramid Felt-based Membrane
- 1.4.7 Polyimide Felt-based Membrane
- 1.4.8 PTFE Felt-based Membrane
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Filtration Efficiency
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Filtration Efficiency: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Medium-efficiency ePTFE Filter Membrane
- 1.5.3 High-efficiency ePTFE Filter Membrane
- 1.5.4 HEPA-grade ePTFE Filter Membrane
- 1.5.5 ULPA-grade ePTFE Filter Membrane
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Industrial
- 1.6.3 Semiconductor
- 1.6.4 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology
- 1.6.5 Food and Beverage Processing
- 1.6.6 Automotive
- 1.6.7 Medical
- 1.7 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 W. L. Gore & Associates
- 2.1.1 W. L. Gore & Associates Details
- 2.1.2 W. L. Gore & Associates Major Business
- 2.1.3 W. L. Gore & Associates ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.1.4 W. L. Gore & Associates ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 W. L. Gore & Associates Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Donaldson
- 2.2.1 Donaldson Details
- 2.2.2 Donaldson Major Business
- 2.2.3 Donaldson ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Donaldson ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Donaldson Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Pall
- 2.3.1 Pall Details
- 2.3.2 Pall Major Business
- 2.3.3 Pall ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Pall ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Pall Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 AAF International
- 2.4.1 AAF International Details
- 2.4.2 AAF International Major Business
- 2.4.3 AAF International ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.4.4 AAF International ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 AAF International Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Camfil
- 2.5.1 Camfil Details
- 2.5.2 Camfil Major Business
- 2.5.3 Camfil ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Camfil ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Camfil Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 MANN+HUMMEL
- 2.6.1 MANN+HUMMEL Details
- 2.6.2 MANN+HUMMEL Major Business
- 2.6.3 MANN+HUMMEL ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.6.4 MANN+HUMMEL ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 MANN+HUMMEL Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies
- 2.7.1 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies Details
- 2.7.2 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies Major Business
- 2.7.3 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Freudenberg Filtration Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Sartorius
- 2.8.1 Sartorius Details
- 2.8.2 Sartorius Major Business
- 2.8.3 Sartorius ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Sartorius ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Sartorius Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 GVS
- 2.9.1 GVS Details
- 2.9.2 GVS Major Business
- 2.9.3 GVS ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.9.4 GVS ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 GVS Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Daikin
- 2.10.1 Daikin Details
- 2.10.2 Daikin Major Business
- 2.10.3 Daikin ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Daikin ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Daikin Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Nitto Denko
- 2.11.1 Nitto Denko Details
- 2.11.2 Nitto Denko Major Business
- 2.11.3 Nitto Denko ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Nitto Denko ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Nitto Denko Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 JINYOU Fluorine Materials
- 2.12.1 JINYOU Fluorine Materials Details
- 2.12.2 JINYOU Fluorine Materials Major Business
- 2.12.3 JINYOU Fluorine Materials ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.12.4 JINYOU Fluorine Materials ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 JINYOU Fluorine Materials Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Cobetter
- 2.13.1 Cobetter Details
- 2.13.2 Cobetter Major Business
- 2.13.3 Cobetter ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Cobetter ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Cobetter Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Yuanchen Technology
- 2.14.1 Yuanchen Technology Details
- 2.14.2 Yuanchen Technology Major Business
- 2.14.3 Yuanchen Technology ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Yuanchen Technology ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 Yuanchen Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Zhaohui Filtration Technology
- 2.15.1 Zhaohui Filtration Technology Details
- 2.15.2 Zhaohui Filtration Technology Major Business
- 2.15.3 Zhaohui Filtration Technology ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Zhaohui Filtration Technology ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 Zhaohui Filtration Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Mingguan Purification Materials
- 2.16.1 Mingguan Purification Materials Details
- 2.16.2 Mingguan Purification Materials Major Business
- 2.16.3 Mingguan Purification Materials ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Mingguan Purification Materials ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 Mingguan Purification Materials Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Drivers
- 12.2 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Market Restraints
- 12.3 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane
- 13.3 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Typical Distributors
- 14.3 ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market size was valued at US$ 411 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 590 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 5.4% during review period.
ePTFE air filter membranes are high-efficiency filtration media made from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) that has undergone biaxial stretching to create a three-dimensional microporous structure. Characterized by uniform pore size, high filtration efficiency, low pressure drop, hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance, and temperature resilience, these membranes effectively capture dust, aerosols, microorganisms, and sub-micron particles; they are frequently used in composite structures with substrates such as non-woven fabrics.
The upstream sector primarily comprises PTFE resin, extrusion aids, non-woven fabrics, fiberglass substrates, adhesives, and membrane processing equipment. Downstream applications span cleanrooms, fresh air and HVAC systems, industrial dust removal, automotive filtration, medical protection, electronics manufacturing, and semiconductor production.
The global ePTFE air filter membrane market features an average selling price of $10.5 per square meter, with annual sales of approximately 38 million square meters and a global production capacity of around 50 million square meters; the industry profit margin stands at 14%.
The future global ePTFE air filter membrane market will evolve toward higher efficiency, lower resistance, extended service life, and multifunctional integration. Rising demands for clean air in semiconductor, pharmaceutical, data center, and precision electronics manufacturing sectors will drive the expanded application of products capable of filtering ultrafine particles, while energy-efficient building practices and indoor air quality management will boost demand in the HVAC and fresh air sectors. Product technology will increasingly prioritize precise pore size control, lamination durability, oil resistance, antimicrobial properties, flame retardancy, and cleanability, alongside system energy savings achieved through lightweight substrates and structural optimization. Market competition will shift from the mere supply of membrane materials to a broader contest involving filter media design, processing compatibility, testing and certification, and comprehensive filtration solutions; companies possessing capabilities in resin modification, stretching processes, and large-scale lamination will hold a competitive advantage.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sq m), 2021-2032
Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sq m), 2021-2032
Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and average selling prices (US$/Sq m), 2021-2032
Global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sqm), and ASP (US$/Sq m), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include W. L. Gore & Associates, Donaldson, Pall, AAF International, Camfil, MANN+HUMMEL, Freudenberg Filtration Technologies, Sartorius, GVS, Daikin, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Unsupported ePTFE Membrane
Supported ePTFE Membrane
Laminated ePTFE Membrane
Adhesive-backed ePTFE Membrane
Reinforced ePTFE Membrane
Market segment by Base Material
Polyester Nonwoven-based Membrane
Polypropylene Nonwoven-based Membrane
Fiberglass-based Membrane
PPS Felt-based Membrane
Aramid Felt-based Membrane
Polyimide Felt-based Membrane
PTFE Felt-based Membrane
Market segment by Filtration Efficiency
Medium-efficiency ePTFE Filter Membrane
High-efficiency ePTFE Filter Membrane
HEPA-grade ePTFE Filter Membrane
ULPA-grade ePTFE Filter Membrane
Market segment by Application
Industrial
Semiconductor
Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology
Food and Beverage Processing
Automotive
Medical
Major players covered
W. L. Gore & Associates
Donaldson
Pall
AAF International
Camfil
MANN+HUMMEL
Freudenberg Filtration Technologies
Sartorius
GVS
Daikin
Nitto Denko
JINYOU Fluorine Materials
Cobetter
Yuanchen Technology
Zhaohui Filtration Technology
Mingguan Purification Materials
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe ePTFE Air Filtration Membrane sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.