Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Three-way Water Valve
- 1.3.3 Four-way Water Valve
- 1.3.4 Other
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Control Function
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Control Function: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 On/Off Type
- 1.4.3 Proportional Control Type
- 1.4.4 Other
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Actuator
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Actuator: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Brushed DC Motor Type
- 1.5.3 Brushless DC Motor Type
- 1.5.4 Electromagnetic Drive Type
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Passenger Car
- 1.6.3 Commercial Vehicle
- 1.7 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Bosch
- 2.1.1 Bosch Details
- 2.1.2 Bosch Major Business
- 2.1.3 Bosch Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Bosch Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Denso
- 2.2.1 Denso Details
- 2.2.2 Denso Major Business
- 2.2.3 Denso Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Denso Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Denso Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Hanon Systems
- 2.3.1 Hanon Systems Details
- 2.3.2 Hanon Systems Major Business
- 2.3.3 Hanon Systems Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Hanon Systems Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Hanon Systems Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Pierburg
- 2.4.1 Pierburg Details
- 2.4.2 Pierburg Major Business
- 2.4.3 Pierburg Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Pierburg Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Pierburg Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Schaeffler
- 2.5.1 Schaeffler Details
- 2.5.2 Schaeffler Major Business
- 2.5.3 Schaeffler Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Schaeffler Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Schaeffler Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 INZI Controls
- 2.6.1 INZI Controls Details
- 2.6.2 INZI Controls Major Business
- 2.6.3 INZI Controls Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.6.4 INZI Controls Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 INZI Controls Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 MSG Automotive
- 2.7.1 MSG Automotive Details
- 2.7.2 MSG Automotive Major Business
- 2.7.3 MSG Automotive Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.7.4 MSG Automotive Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 MSG Automotive Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Hilite
- 2.8.1 Hilite Details
- 2.8.2 Hilite Major Business
- 2.8.3 Hilite Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Hilite Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Hilite Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Eagle Industry
- 2.9.1 Eagle Industry Details
- 2.9.2 Eagle Industry Major Business
- 2.9.3 Eagle Industry Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Eagle Industry Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Eagle Industry Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Sanhua Intelligent Controls
- 2.10.1 Sanhua Intelligent Controls Details
- 2.10.2 Sanhua Intelligent Controls Major Business
- 2.10.3 Sanhua Intelligent Controls Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Sanhua Intelligent Controls Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Sanhua Intelligent Controls Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Feilong Auto Components
- 2.11.1 Feilong Auto Components Details
- 2.11.2 Feilong Auto Components Major Business
- 2.11.3 Feilong Auto Components Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Feilong Auto Components Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Feilong Auto Components Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric
- 2.12.1 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric Details
- 2.12.2 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric Major Business
- 2.12.3 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Jiangsu Chaoli Electric Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Tuopu
- 2.13.1 Tuopu Details
- 2.13.2 Tuopu Major Business
- 2.13.3 Tuopu Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Tuopu Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Tuopu Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong)
- 2.14.1 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Details
- 2.14.2 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Major Business
- 2.14.3 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Product and Services
- 2.14.4 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Drivers
- 12.2 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Market Restraints
- 12.3 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle
- 13.3 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market size was valued at US$ 370 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 627 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 8.3% during review period.
An electronic coolant valve is a device that utilizes electronic technology to control water flow. It converts digital temperature signals—acquired by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU)—into analog signals, which then drive a motor to rotate the valve core. By altering the relative position of the valve core with respect to the inlet and outlet pipes, the device achieves precise flow regulation of the coolant across various circulation loops. In new energy vehicles (NEVs), the electronic coolant valve plays a crucial role within the thermal management system by regulating the mixing ratio of hot and cold coolant flows, making it a vital component of these vehicles.
The upstream supply chain primarily comprises high-temperature-resistant engineering plastics—such as PPS, PA, and PPA—as well as components including sealing rings, valve cores, valve seats, springs, gears, bearings, permanent magnets, motors, position sensors, driver ICs, and connectors. These materials and components must be compatible with water-glycol coolants and meet stringent automotive-grade requirements regarding durability, operation across a wide temperature range, and minimal internal leakage. Upstream suppliers also provide services to electronic water valve manufacturers, encompassing flow channel design, valve body molding, actuator integration, control strategy matching, and reliability validation. The downstream market is primarily focused on new energy vehicles, where these valves are deployed in applications such as battery thermal management, cooling systems for electric drive and control units, and heat pump-based air conditioning systems.
By 2025, global sales volume for electronic coolant valves used in new energy vehicles is projected to reach approximately 40 million units. The average market price is estimated at around $9 per unit, while the gross profit margins for major manufacturers within the industry are expected to range between 20% and 32%.
As the demands placed on battery thermal control, cabin heat pumps, fast-charging preheating, and electric drive cooling—driven by the rise of pure electric, plug-in hybrid, and range-extended electric vehicles—continue to escalate, the precise distribution and switching of coolant across various circuits have become critical. Consequently, electronic water valves have evolved from simple on/off components into key actuators within thermal management systems. Current mainstream products span configurations ranging from two-way to multi-way structures and can be integrated with motor-driven mechanisms and proportional control functions to enhance system response speed and control precision. Looking ahead, with the increasing adoption of heat pump systems and the growing demand for 800V fast charging and low-temperature battery preheating, the electronic water valve market retains significant room for growth. However, future value increments will be increasingly concentrated in products such as multi-way valves, proportional control valves, and integrated valve assemblies; suppliers possessing the capability to engage in collaborative development of thermal management systems will be best positioned to secure long-term market share.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Bosch, Denso, Hanon Systems, Pierburg, Schaeffler, INZI Controls, MSG Automotive, Hilite, Eagle Industry, Sanhua Intelligent Controls, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Three-way Water Valve
Four-way Water Valve
Other
Market segment by Control Function
On/Off Type
Proportional Control Type
Other
Market segment by Actuator
Brushed DC Motor Type
Brushless DC Motor Type
Electromagnetic Drive Type
Market segment by Application
Passenger Car
Commercial Vehicle
Major players covered
Bosch
Denso
Hanon Systems
Pierburg
Schaeffler
INZI Controls
MSG Automotive
Hilite
Eagle Industry
Sanhua Intelligent Controls
Feilong Auto Components
Jiangsu Chaoli Electric
Tuopu
TEMB Intelligent Technology (Shandong)
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Electronic Coolant Valve for New Energy Vehicle sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.