Global Electric Screw Press Market 2026 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Servo Direct Drive Type
- 1.3.3 Switched Reluctance Motor Type
- 1.3.4 Asynchronous Motor + Clutch Type
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Fuselage Structure
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Fuselage Structure: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Overall Frame Type
- 1.4.3 Combined Frame Type
- 1.5 Market Analysis by Nominal Force Range
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Nominal Force Range: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Nominal Force Range (kN): 800-4000
- 1.5.3 Nominal Force Range (kN): 6300-25000
- 1.5.4 Others
- 1.6 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Automotive Manufacturing
- 1.6.3 Aerospace
- 1.6.4 Electronics
- 1.6.5 Others
- 1.7 Global Electric Screw Press Market Size & Forecast
- 1.7.1 Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021 & 2025 & 2032)
- 1.7.2 Global Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity (2021-2032)
- 1.7.3 Global Electric Screw Press Average Price (2021-2032)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD.
- 2.1.1 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD. Details
- 2.1.2 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD. Major Business
- 2.1.3 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD. Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD. Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 YANGLI
- 2.2.1 YANGLI Details
- 2.2.2 YANGLI Major Business
- 2.2.3 YANGLI Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.2.4 YANGLI Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 YANGLI Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 PINGAN
- 2.3.1 PINGAN Details
- 2.3.2 PINGAN Major Business
- 2.3.3 PINGAN Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.3.4 PINGAN Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 PINGAN Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 SMS Group
- 2.4.1 SMS Group Details
- 2.4.2 SMS Group Major Business
- 2.4.3 SMS Group Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.4.4 SMS Group Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 SMS Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Mecolpress
- 2.5.1 Mecolpress Details
- 2.5.2 Mecolpress Major Business
- 2.5.3 Mecolpress Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Mecolpress Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Mecolpress Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd.
- 2.6.1 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd. Details
- 2.6.2 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd. Major Business
- 2.6.3 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd. Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd. Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 Newwish Technology Co.,ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd
- 2.7.1 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Details
- 2.7.2 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.7.3 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 FPM GROUP
- 2.8.1 FPM GROUP Details
- 2.8.2 FPM GROUP Major Business
- 2.8.3 FPM GROUP Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.8.4 FPM GROUP Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 FPM GROUP Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD.
- 2.9.1 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD. Details
- 2.9.2 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD. Major Business
- 2.9.3 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD. Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.9.4 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD. Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Yadon
- 2.10.1 Yadon Details
- 2.10.2 Yadon Major Business
- 2.10.3 Yadon Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Yadon Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Yadon Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD.
- 2.11.1 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD. Details
- 2.11.2 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD. Major Business
- 2.11.3 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD. Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.11.4 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD. Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 HUBER SE
- 2.12.1 HUBER SE Details
- 2.12.2 HUBER SE Major Business
- 2.12.3 HUBER SE Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.12.4 HUBER SE Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 HUBER SE Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Mingren Heavy Machinery
- 2.13.1 Mingren Heavy Machinery Details
- 2.13.2 Mingren Heavy Machinery Major Business
- 2.13.3 Mingren Heavy Machinery Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Mingren Heavy Machinery Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Mingren Heavy Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 HONGDA
- 2.14.1 HONGDA Details
- 2.14.2 HONGDA Major Business
- 2.14.3 HONGDA Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.14.4 HONGDA Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 HONGDA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 ANDUANZHINENG
- 2.15.1 ANDUANZHINENG Details
- 2.15.2 ANDUANZHINENG Major Business
- 2.15.3 ANDUANZHINENG Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.15.4 ANDUANZHINENG Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 ANDUANZHINENG Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD
- 2.16.1 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD Details
- 2.16.2 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD Major Business
- 2.16.3 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.16.4 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 QINGDAO RUNCHANG
- 2.17.1 QINGDAO RUNCHANG Details
- 2.17.2 QINGDAO RUNCHANG Major Business
- 2.17.3 QINGDAO RUNCHANG Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.17.4 QINGDAO RUNCHANG Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 QINGDAO RUNCHANG Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL
- 2.18.1 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL Details
- 2.18.2 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL Major Business
- 2.18.3 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL Electric Screw Press Product and Services
- 2.18.4 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Electric Screw Press by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Electric Screw Press Revenue by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Electric Screw Press Average Price by Manufacturer (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Electric Screw Press by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2025
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Electric Screw Press Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Electric Screw Press Manufacturer Market Share in 2025
- 3.5 Electric Screw Press Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Electric Screw Press Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Electric Screw Press Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Electric Screw Press Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Electric Screw Press Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.2 Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.1.3 Global Electric Screw Press Average Price by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.2 North America Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Europe Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.5 South America Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021-2032)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Consumption Value (2021-2032)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.2 Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Electric Screw Press Average Price by Type (2021-2032)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Electric Screw Press Average Price by Application (2021-2032)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 North America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 North America Electric Screw Press Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Europe Electric Screw Press Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 South America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 South America Electric Screw Press Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 South America Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Sales Quantity by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Electric Screw Press Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Electric Screw Press Market Drivers
- 12.2 Electric Screw Press Market Restraints
- 12.3 Electric Screw Press Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Electric Screw Press and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Electric Screw Press
- 13.3 Electric Screw Press Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Electric Screw Press Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Electric Screw Press Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Electric Screw Press market size was valued at US$ 251 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 386 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 6.3% during review period.
In 2025, global sales of electric screw presses reached 4,200 units, with an average selling price of US$58,000. Electric screw presses are industrial equipment that uses an electric motor to drive a screw drive to achieve high-precision pressing and forming. They are widely used in metal forming, powder metallurgy, composite material molding, and automotive parts manufacturing, featuring energy saving, high precision, low noise, and low maintenance costs. Upstream raw materials mainly include high-quality alloy steel, cast steel parts, motors, electrical control components, and lubrication systems; midstream suppliers are machining and assembly companies; and downstream suppliers are mainly automotive parts manufacturers, metal processing companies, and composite material product manufacturers. In 2025, the global total production capacity of electric screw presses was approximately 4,900 units, with an average gross profit margin of approximately 29%. With the development of automotive lightweighting, precision metal parts processing, and green manufacturing processes, the market demand for electric screw presses in high-precision forming, intelligent production, and energy saving will continue to grow. At the same time, they possess significant business opportunities and technological upgrading potential in emerging markets and high-end customized equipment sectors.
The electric screw press market is experiencing steady growth, driven by global manufacturing upgrades, increased energy conservation and environmental protection requirements, and intelligent manufacturing. Electric screw presses, with their advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, and low noise, are gradually replacing traditional hydraulic presses, particularly in precision metal forming and automotive parts processing. As the automotive industry's demand for lightweight, energy-efficient, and high-precision parts continues to grow, electric screw presses have broad application prospects in these fields, especially in the forming of materials such as aluminum alloys and steel, where they can provide higher precision and efficiency.
Furthermore, the widespread application of composite materials and high-performance materials is also driving demand growth for electric screw presses in these emerging fields. Under the major trends of green manufacturing and intelligent production, the digitalization and automation functions of electric screw presses are becoming increasingly mature. Through intelligent integration with production lines, they can improve overall production efficiency and reduce energy consumption and labor costs.
With continuous technological advancements and diversified market demands, the application scenarios of electric screw presses are gradually expanding. They not only occupy an important position in the automotive and metal processing sectors but also demonstrate strong market potential in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace, aviation, and precision equipment. In the future, with the advancement of domestic substitution and accelerated technological innovation, the electric screw press market will usher in even greater development opportunities.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Electric Screw Press market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Electric Screw Press market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electric Screw Press market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electric Screw Press market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2021-2032
Global Electric Screw Press market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Electric Screw Press
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Electric Screw Press market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD., YANGLI, PINGAN, SMS Group, Mecolpress, Newwish Technology Co.,ltd., Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd, FPM GROUP, ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD., Yadon, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Electric Screw Press market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Servo Direct Drive Type
Switched Reluctance Motor Type
Asynchronous Motor + Clutch Type
Market segment by Fuselage Structure
Overall Frame Type
Combined Frame Type
Market segment by Nominal Force Range
Nominal Force Range (kN): 800-4000
Nominal Force Range (kN): 6300-25000
Others
Market segment by Application
Automotive Manufacturing
Aerospace
Electronics
Others
Major players covered
Anyang Forging Press ( Group) Machinery Industry Co., LTD.
YANGLI
PINGAN
SMS Group
Mecolpress
Newwish Technology Co.,ltd.
Zhengzhou Haloong Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd
FPM GROUP
ENOMOTO MACHINE CO., LTD.
Yadon
ISHIGAKI COMPANY,LTD.
HUBER SE
Mingren Heavy Machinery
HONGDA
ANDUANZHINENG
ZIBO RUIGONG MACHINERY CO.,LTD
QINGDAO RUNCHANG
LIAOYANG METALFORMING MACHINETOOL
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Electric Screw Press product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Electric Screw Press, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Electric Screw Press from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Electric Screw Press competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Electric Screw Press breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Electric Screw Press market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Electric Screw Press.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Electric Screw Press sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.