Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2031
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Type: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.3.2 9μm
- 1.3.3 8μm
- 1.3.4 7μm
- 1.3.5 6μm
- 1.3.6 4.5μm
- 1.3.7 4μm
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Application: 2020 Versus 2024 Versus 2031
- 1.4.2 Power Battery
- 1.4.3 Digital Battery
- 1.4.4 Energy Storage Battery
- 1.5 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020 & 2024 & 2031)
- 1.5.2 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity (2020-2031)
- 1.5.3 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Average Price (2020-2031)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 SK Nexilis
- 2.1.1 SK Nexilis Details
- 2.1.2 SK Nexilis Major Business
- 2.1.3 SK Nexilis Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.1.4 SK Nexilis Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.1.5 SK Nexilis Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 CCP
- 2.2.1 CCP Details
- 2.2.2 CCP Major Business
- 2.2.3 CCP Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.2.4 CCP Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.2.5 CCP Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 NUODE
- 2.3.1 NUODE Details
- 2.3.2 NUODE Major Business
- 2.3.3 NUODE Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.3.4 NUODE Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.3.5 NUODE Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Shenzhen Londian Electrics
- 2.4.1 Shenzhen Londian Electrics Details
- 2.4.2 Shenzhen Londian Electrics Major Business
- 2.4.3 Shenzhen Londian Electrics Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Shenzhen Londian Electrics Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.4.5 Shenzhen Londian Electrics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
- 2.5.1 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Details
- 2.5.2 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Major Business
- 2.5.3 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.5.5 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 ILJIN
- 2.6.1 ILJIN Details
- 2.6.2 ILJIN Major Business
- 2.6.3 ILJIN Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.6.4 ILJIN Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.6.5 ILJIN Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group
- 2.7.1 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group Details
- 2.7.2 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group Major Business
- 2.7.3 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.7.5 Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology
- 2.8.1 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology Details
- 2.8.2 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology Major Business
- 2.8.3 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.8.5 Guangdong Jiayuan Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil
- 2.9.1 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil Details
- 2.9.2 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil Major Business
- 2.9.3 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.9.5 Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Huachuang New Material
- 2.10.1 Huachuang New Material Details
- 2.10.2 Huachuang New Material Major Business
- 2.10.3 Huachuang New Material Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Huachuang New Material Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.10.5 Huachuang New Material Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Jiujiang Defu Technology
- 2.11.1 Jiujiang Defu Technology Details
- 2.11.2 Jiujiang Defu Technology Major Business
- 2.11.3 Jiujiang Defu Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Jiujiang Defu Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.11.5 Jiujiang Defu Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Hubei Zhognyi Technology
- 2.12.1 Hubei Zhognyi Technology Details
- 2.12.2 Hubei Zhognyi Technology Major Business
- 2.12.3 Hubei Zhognyi Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Hubei Zhognyi Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.12.5 Hubei Zhognyi Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Furukawa
- 2.13.1 Furukawa Details
- 2.13.2 Furukawa Major Business
- 2.13.3 Furukawa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Furukawa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.13.5 Furukawa Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Kingboard Holdings
- 2.14.1 Kingboard Holdings Details
- 2.14.2 Kingboard Holdings Major Business
- 2.14.3 Kingboard Holdings Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Kingboard Holdings Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.14.5 Kingboard Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Xincorui Technology
- 2.15.1 Xincorui Technology Details
- 2.15.2 Xincorui Technology Major Business
- 2.15.3 Xincorui Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Xincorui Technology Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
- 2.15.5 Xincorui Technology Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.2 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Revenue by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.3 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Average Price by Manufacturer (2020-2025)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2024)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2024
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Manufacturer Market Share in 2024
- 3.5 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.2 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.1.3 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 4.2 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.5 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020-2031)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value (2020-2031)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Type (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Application (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 7.2 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 7.3 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.2 North America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 8.2 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 8.3 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.2 Europe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Region (2020-2031)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 10.2 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 10.3 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.2 South America Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Type (2020-2031)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Application (2020-2031)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Sales Quantity by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Consumption Value by Country (2020-2031)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2020-2031)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Drivers
- 12.2 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Market Restraints
- 12.3 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
- 13.3 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market size was valued at US$ million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2031 with a CAGR of %during review period.
Copper foil is a kind of negative electrolytic material. It is a thin, continuous metal foil deposited on the substrate of PCB, which acts as the conductor of PCB. It is easy to adhere to the insulating layer, accept the printed protective layer, and form the circuit pattern after corrosion.
China"s policy on lithium-ion batteries mainly focuses on lithium-ion batteries. In 2015, in order to strengthen the management of lithium-ion battery industry and improve the development level of the industry, China formulated the Standard of Lithium-ion Battery Industry. the global sales of new energy vehicles reached 10.8 million units in 2022, with a year-on-year increase of 61.6%. In 2022, China new energy vehicle sales reached 6.8 million units, and the global share increased to 63.6%. In Q4 2022, sales penetration rate of China"s new energy vehicle reached 27%, while the global average penetration rate was only 15%. Europe penetration was 19%, and North America penetration rate was only 6%. Lithium batteries will fully benefit from the high growth of downstream demand. According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China"s lithium-ion battery production reached 750 GWh in 2022, up more than 130 percent year on year. Among them, the output of lithium energy storage battery exceeded 100 GWh, and the total output value of the industry exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. The industrial application of lithium battery was also growing rapidly. In 2022, the loading capacity of new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh, and the new energy vehicle power battery was about 295 GWh. According to our research, in 2022, the overall global lithium-ion battery shipments were 957GWh, a year-on-year increase of 70%. Global vehicle power battery (EV LIB) shipments were 684GWh, a year-on-year increase of 84%; Energy storage battery (ESS LIB) shipments were 159.3GWh, a year-on-year increase of 140%.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Tons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2020-2031
Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Tons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2020-2031
Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Tons), and average selling prices (US$/Ton), 2020-2031
Global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Tons), and ASP (US$/Ton), 2020-2025
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include SK Nexilis, CCP, NUODE, Shenzhen Londian Electrics, Nan Ya Plastics Corporation, ILJIN, Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group, Guangdong Jiayuan Technology, Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil, Huachuang New Material, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2031, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
9μm
8μm
7μm
6μm
4.5μm
4μm
Market segment by Application
Power Battery
Digital Battery
Energy Storage Battery
Major players covered
SK Nexilis
CCP
NUODE
Shenzhen Londian Electrics
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
ILJIN
Anhui Tongguan Copper Foil Group
Guangdong Jiayuan Technology
Jiangxi Copper Yates Foil
Huachuang New Material
Jiujiang Defu Technology
Hubei Zhognyi Technology
Furukawa
Kingboard Holdings
Xincorui Technology
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 3, the Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2020 to 2031.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2020 to 2025.and Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2026 to 2031.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Copper Foil for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.