Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market 2026 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2032
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Classification of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Type: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.3.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value Market Share by Type in 2025
- 1.3.3 Cloud-Based
- 1.3.4 On-Premises
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Classification of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service by Response Level
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Response Level: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.4.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value Market Share by Response Level in 2025
- 1.4.3 Basic-Level O&M (Response Time > 4 Hours)
- 1.4.4 Standard-Level O&M (Response Time 1–4 Hours)
- 1.4.5 High-Availability-Level O&M (Response Time ≤ 1 Hour)
- 1.5 Classification of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service by Level of Automation
- 1.5.1 Overview: Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Level of Automation: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.5.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value Market Share by Level of Automation in 2025
- 1.5.3 Manual O&M
- 1.5.4 Semi-Automated O&M
- 1.5.5 Intelligent O&M
- 1.6 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market by Application
- 1.6.1 Overview: Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Application: 2021 Versus 2025 Versus 2032
- 1.6.2 Large Enterprises
- 1.6.3 Medium Enterprises
- 1.6.4 Small Enterprises
- 1.7 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size & Forecast
- 1.8 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast by Region
- 1.8.1 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.8.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Region, (2021-2032)
- 1.8.3 North America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Prospect (2021-2032)
- 1.8.4 Europe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Prospect (2021-2032)
- 1.8.5 Asia-Pacific Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Prospect (2021-2032)
- 1.8.6 South America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Prospect (2021-2032)
- 1.8.7 Middle East & Africa Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Prospect (2021-2032)
2 Company Profiles
- 2.1 Accenture
- 2.1.1 Accenture Details
- 2.1.2 Accenture Major Business
- 2.1.3 Accenture Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.1.4 Accenture Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.1.5 Accenture Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.2 Capgemini
- 2.2.1 Capgemini Details
- 2.2.2 Capgemini Major Business
- 2.2.3 Capgemini Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.2.4 Capgemini Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.2.5 Capgemini Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.3 Atos
- 2.3.1 Atos Details
- 2.3.2 Atos Major Business
- 2.3.3 Atos Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.3.4 Atos Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.3.5 Atos Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.4 Sopra Steria
- 2.4.1 Sopra Steria Details
- 2.4.2 Sopra Steria Major Business
- 2.4.3 Sopra Steria Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.4.4 Sopra Steria Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.4.5 Sopra Steria Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.5 Tietoevry
- 2.5.1 Tietoevry Details
- 2.5.2 Tietoevry Major Business
- 2.5.3 Tietoevry Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.5.4 Tietoevry Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.5.5 Tietoevry Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.6 IBM
- 2.6.1 IBM Details
- 2.6.2 IBM Major Business
- 2.6.3 IBM Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.6.4 IBM Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.6.5 IBM Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.7 DXC Technology
- 2.7.1 DXC Technology Details
- 2.7.2 DXC Technology Major Business
- 2.7.3 DXC Technology Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.7.4 DXC Technology Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.7.5 DXC Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.8 Kyndryl
- 2.8.1 Kyndryl Details
- 2.8.2 Kyndryl Major Business
- 2.8.3 Kyndryl Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.8.4 Kyndryl Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.8.5 Kyndryl Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.9 Cognizant
- 2.9.1 Cognizant Details
- 2.9.2 Cognizant Major Business
- 2.9.3 Cognizant Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.9.4 Cognizant Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.9.5 Cognizant Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.10 Unisys
- 2.10.1 Unisys Details
- 2.10.2 Unisys Major Business
- 2.10.3 Unisys Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.10.4 Unisys Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.10.5 Unisys Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.11 Huawei
- 2.11.1 Huawei Details
- 2.11.2 Huawei Major Business
- 2.11.3 Huawei Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.11.4 Huawei Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.11.5 Huawei Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.12 Alibaba Cloud
- 2.12.1 Alibaba Cloud Details
- 2.12.2 Alibaba Cloud Major Business
- 2.12.3 Alibaba Cloud Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.12.4 Alibaba Cloud Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.12.5 Alibaba Cloud Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.13 Tencent
- 2.13.1 Tencent Details
- 2.13.2 Tencent Major Business
- 2.13.3 Tencent Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.13.4 Tencent Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.13.5 Tencent Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.14 ChinaSoft International
- 2.14.1 ChinaSoft International Details
- 2.14.2 ChinaSoft International Major Business
- 2.14.3 ChinaSoft International Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.14.4 ChinaSoft International Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.14.5 ChinaSoft International Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.15 ISoftStone
- 2.15.1 ISoftStone Details
- 2.15.2 ISoftStone Major Business
- 2.15.3 ISoftStone Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.15.4 ISoftStone Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.15.5 ISoftStone Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.16 NTT DATA
- 2.16.1 NTT DATA Details
- 2.16.2 NTT DATA Major Business
- 2.16.3 NTT DATA Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.16.4 NTT DATA Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.16.5 NTT DATA Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.17 Fujitsu
- 2.17.1 Fujitsu Details
- 2.17.2 Fujitsu Major Business
- 2.17.3 Fujitsu Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.17.4 Fujitsu Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.17.5 Fujitsu Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.18 NEC
- 2.18.1 NEC Details
- 2.18.2 NEC Major Business
- 2.18.3 NEC Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.18.4 NEC Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.18.5 NEC Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.19 Hitachi
- 2.19.1 Hitachi Details
- 2.19.2 Hitachi Major Business
- 2.19.3 Hitachi Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.19.4 Hitachi Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.19.5 Hitachi Recent Developments and Future Plans
- 2.20 Nomura Research Institute
- 2.20.1 Nomura Research Institute Details
- 2.20.2 Nomura Research Institute Major Business
- 2.20.3 Nomura Research Institute Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Product and Solutions
- 2.20.4 Nomura Research Institute Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
- 2.20.5 Nomura Research Institute Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
- 3.1 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Revenue and Share by Players (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Market Share Analysis (2025)
- 3.2.1 Market Share of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service by Company Revenue
- 3.2.2 Top 3 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Players Market Share in 2025
- 3.2.3 Top 6 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Players Market Share in 2025
- 3.3 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.3.1 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market: Region Footprint
- 3.3.2 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.3.3 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.4 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.5 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Market Size Segment by Type
- 4.1 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value and Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
- 4.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
- 5.1 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2 Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
6 North America
- 6.1 North America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 6.2 North America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 North America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Country
- 6.3.1 North America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.3.2 United States Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 6.3.3 Canada Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 6.3.4 Mexico Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Europe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 Europe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 7.3.2 Germany Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.3 France Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.4 United Kingdom Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.5 Russia Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 7.3.6 Italy Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
8 Asia-Pacific
- 8.1 Asia-Pacific Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Asia-Pacific Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Asia-Pacific Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Region
- 8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 Japan Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.4 South Korea Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.5 India Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.6 Southeast Asia Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 8.3.7 Australia Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
9 South America
- 9.1 South America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 South America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 South America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Country
- 9.3.1 South America Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 9.3.2 Brazil Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 9.3.3 Argentina Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
10 Middle East & Africa
- 10.1 Middle East & Africa Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 Middle East & Africa Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 Middle East & Africa Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Consumption Value by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.2 Turkey Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 UAE Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Size and Forecast (2021-2032)
11 Market Dynamics
- 11.1 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Drivers
- 11.2 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Market Restraints
- 11.3 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Trends Analysis
- 11.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 11.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 11.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 11.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 11.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 11.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12 Industry Chain Analysis
- 12.1 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Industry Chain
- 12.2 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Upstream Analysis
- 12.3 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Midstream Analysis
- 12.4 Application System Operation and Maintenance Service Downstream Analysis
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Methodology
- 14.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market size was valued at US$ 25737 million in 2025 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 59939 million by 2032 with a CAGR of 12.8% during review period.
Application system operation and maintenance services are professional services designed to ensure the efficient and stable operation of enterprise application software and systems. Through real-time monitoring, troubleshooting, performance optimization, security management and version updates, these services can promptly identify and resolve problems in application systems, prevent potential risks, and provide continuous improvement and support. The goal of application system operation and maintenance services is to ensure the availability, reliability and responsiveness of application systems, thereby improving user experience and supporting the sustainable development of enterprise business.
The upstream segment of the application system O&M service industry chain primarily encompasses servers, storage, networking and security equipment, databases, middleware, cloud resources, monitoring tools, AIOps platforms, automation scripting tools, log analysis systems, and IT outsourcing personnel. The midstream consists of application system O&M service providers who—catering to enterprise ERP, CRM, OA, core business systems, government and financial systems, e-commerce platforms, and industrial internet platforms—deliver services such as routine inspections, troubleshooting, performance optimization, version releases, patch upgrades, data backup, SLA management, emergency response, security hardening, application monitoring, automated O&M, and managed O&M. Downstream clients primarily include government agencies, financial institutions, and enterprises in sectors such as telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, education, and the internet, as well as large corporate groups; their core requirements focus on ensuring the stable operation of business systems, mitigating downtime risks, enhancing O&M efficiency, and reducing IT labor costs. Application O&M represents a service layer situated relatively high within IT data center operations, closely aligned with business systems; third-party providers play a pivotal role in this space, and the industry is currently transitioning from manual, on-site O&M toward platform-based, automated, and managed O&M models. The gross profit margin for application system O&M services stands at approximately 46%.
Application system O&M services are shifting from "reactive firefighting" to "proactive assurance." Traditional O&M relied heavily on manual inspections, incident response, and on-site support, with value centered on preventing system failures and ensuring rapid repairs when issues arose. However, as enterprises deploy more business systems—with increasing interdependencies among ERP, CRM, OA, payment, production, government, and e-commerce platforms—a single point of failure can trigger a chain reaction. Consequently, client requirements have evolved from basic maintenance to stability assurance, performance optimization, capacity forecasting, release management, emergency drills, and business continuity management. The core competitiveness of future O&M services will not lie merely in workforce size, but in the ability to identify risks in advance through standardized processes, monitoring platforms, and expert knowledge.
AIOps and automated O&M will drive industry consolidation. Application O&M services have traditionally been labor-intensive, often relying on project-based or on-site staffing models where gross margins are heavily impacted by labor costs. As technologies such as log analysis, distributed tracing, automated alerting, root cause analysis, automated deployment/rollback, and intelligent fault prediction mature, leading service providers can leverage platform capabilities to reduce repetitive manual work, boost efficiency, and codify experience into tools and knowledge bases. Small and medium-sized providers relying on low-cost on-site staffing will face margin compression, whereas those possessing AIOps platforms, DevOps toolchains, and capabilities in cloud-native and security-focused O&M will enjoy stronger bargaining power and higher client retention.
Industry demand will grow steadily in the long term, yet clients will increasingly prioritize "business outcomes" over simple "man-days." The ongoing digital transformation across sectors—including digital government, fintech, the industrial internet, smart energy, smart healthcare, e-commerce platforms, and large enterprise systems—is increasing the volume and complexity of application systems, thereby fueling long-term demand for O&M services. However, procurement models are shifting from "purchasing personnel or on-site staff" to "purchasing availability, SLAs, and stability metrics"—such as system uptime, recovery time, deployment success rates, mean time to repair (MTTR), and performance response times. To evolve from low-value-added O&M outsourcers into high-value-added application management service providers, future leaders in this space must possess a combination of industry business insight, application architecture expertise, cloud platform capabilities, security and compliance proficiency, and a commitment to continuous optimization.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by company, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2025, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), 2021-2032
Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), 2021-2032
Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), 2021-2032
Global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market shares of main players, in revenue ($ Million), 2021-2026
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Application System Operation and Maintenance Service
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market based on the following parameters - company overview, revenue, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Accenture, Capgemini, Atos, Sopra Steria, Tietoevry, IBM, DXC Technology, Kyndryl, Cognizant, Unisys, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market segmentation
Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2021-2032, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for Consumption Value by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Cloud-Based
On-Premises
Others
Market segment by Response Level
Basic-Level O&M (Response Time > 4 Hours)
Standard-Level O&M (Response Time 1–4 Hours)
High-Availability-Level O&M (Response Time ≤ 1 Hour)
Market segment by Level of Automation
Manual O&M
Semi-Automated O&M
Intelligent O&M
Market segment by Application
Large Enterprises
Medium Enterprises
Small Enterprises
Market segment by players, this report covers
Accenture
Capgemini
Atos
Sopra Steria
Tietoevry
IBM
DXC Technology
Kyndryl
Cognizant
Unisys
Huawei
Alibaba Cloud
Tencent
ChinaSoft International
ISoftStone
NTT DATA
Fujitsu
NEC
Hitachi
Nomura Research Institute
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 13 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service, with revenue, gross margin, and global market share of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 3, the Application System Operation and Maintenance Service competitive situation, revenue, and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and by Application, with consumption value and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2021 to 2032.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2021 to 2026.and Application System Operation and Maintenance Service market forecast, by regions, by Type and by Application, with consumption value, from 2027 to 2032.
Chapter 11, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Application System Operation and Maintenance Service.
Chapter 13, to describe Application System Operation and Maintenance Service research findings and conclusion.