Global Aerospace Fairings Market Analysis 2015-2019 and Forecast 2020-2025

Table of Content

1 Industrial Chain Overview

• 1.1 Aerospace Fairings Industry
  • 1.1.1 Overview

Figure Aerospace Fairings Picture List

• 1.1.2 Characteristics of Aerospace Fairings

Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

• 1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2016-2026

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

• 1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2016-2026

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

• 1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2016-2026

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography

• 2.1 Global Production & Consumption
  • 2.1.1 Global Production

Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.1.2 Global Consumption

Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption
  • 2.2.1 Production
    • 2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific

  Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

  Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

  Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

  Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

  • 2.2.1.2 North America

Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.1.3 South America

Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.1.4 Europe

Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.2 Consumption
  • 2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.2.2 North America

Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.2.3 South America

Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.2.4 Europe

Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

• 2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

3 Major Manufacturers Introduction

• 3.1 Manufacturers Overview

Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information

Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018

• 3.2 Manufacturers List
  • 3.2.1 Alenia Aermacchi SpA Overview

Table Alenia Aermacchi SpA Overview List

• 3.2.1.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Alenia Aermacchi SpA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.1.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table Boeing Canada Winnipeg Overview List

• 3.2.2.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Boeing Canada Winnipeg (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.2.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table CTRM Aerocomposites Sdn Bhd Overview List

• 3.2.3.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of CTRM Aerocomposites Sdn Bhd (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.3.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table FACC AG Overview List

• 3.2.4.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of FACC AG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.4.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table Korean Air Aerospace Division Overview List

• 3.2.5.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Korean Air Aerospace Division (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.5.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table ShinMaywa Industries Ltd Overview List

• 3.2.6.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of ShinMaywa Industries Ltd (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.6.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table Spirit Aerosystems Inc Overview List

• 3.2.7.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Spirit Aerosystems Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.7.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table Strata Manufacturing PJSC Overview List

• 3.2.8.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Strata Manufacturing PJSC (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.8.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table Triumph Group Inc Overview List

• 3.2.9.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Triumph Group Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.9.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning

Table UTC Aerospace Systems Overview List

• 3.2.10.1 Product Specifications
• 3.2.10.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of UTC Aerospace Systems (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 3.2.10.3 Recent Developments
• 3.2.10.4 Future Strategic Planning

4 Market Competition Pattern

• 4.1 Market Size and Sketch

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview

• 4.2 Company Market Share
  • 4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers

Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD

• 4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis

5 Product Type Segment

• 5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume

• 5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type
  • 5.2.1 Market in by Material Type
    • 5.2.1.1 Market Size

  Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in by Material Type, 2016-2020, in USD Million

  Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in by Material Type, 2016-2020, in Volume

  • 5.2.1.2 Situation & Development
• 5.2.2 Market in Composites
  • 5.2.2.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Composites, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Composites, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 5.2.2.2 Situation & Development

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Metals, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Metals, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 5.2.3.2 Situation & Development

6 End-Use Segment

• 6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume

• 6.2 Segment Subdivision
  • 6.2.1 Market in Narrow-Body Aircraft
    • 6.2.1.1 Market Size

  Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Narrow-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

  Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Narrow-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

  • 6.2.1.2 Situation & Development
• 6.2.2 Market in Wide-Body Aircraft
  • 6.2.2.1 Market Size

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Wide-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Wide-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 6.2.2.2 Situation & Development

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Very Large Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Very Large Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 6.2.3.2 Situation & Development

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Regional Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Regional Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 6.2.4.2 Situation & Development

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in General Aviation, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in General Aviation, 2016-2020, in Volume

• 6.2.5.2 Situation & Development

7 Market Forecast & Trend

• 7.1 Regional Forecast

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

• 7.2 Consumption Forecast
  • 7.2.1 Product Type Forecast

Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

• 7.2.2 End-Use Forecast

Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

• 7.3 Investment Trend
• 7.4 Consumption Trend

8 Price & Channel

• 8.1 Price and Cost
  • 8.1.1 Price
  • 8.1.2 Cost

Figure Cost Component Ratio

• 8.2 Channel Segment

9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment

• 9.1 Market Drivers
• 9.2 Investment Environment
• 9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Aerospace Fairings Industry
  • 9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream
  • 9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream
  • 9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels
  • 9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition
  • 9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment

10 Research Conclusion

List of Tables

List of Table

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information

Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2018

Table Alenia Aermacchi SpA Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Alenia Aermacchi SpA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Boeing Canada Winnipeg Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Boeing Canada Winnipeg (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table CTRM Aerocomposites Sdn Bhd Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of CTRM Aerocomposites Sdn Bhd (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table FACC AG Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of FACC AG (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Korean Air Aerospace Division Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Korean Air Aerospace Division (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table ShinMaywa Industries Ltd Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of ShinMaywa Industries Ltd (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Spirit Aerosystems Inc Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Spirit Aerosystems Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Strata Manufacturing PJSC Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Strata Manufacturing PJSC (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Triumph Group Inc Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of Triumph Group Inc (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table UTC Aerospace Systems Overview List

Table Aerospace Fairings Business Operation of UTC Aerospace Systems (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2016-2020, in Volume

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Million USD

Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2021-2026, in Volume

List of Figures

List of Figure

Figure Aerospace Fairings Picture List

Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2016-2026

Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2016-2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview

Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Volume

Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2020, in Million USD

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in by Material Type, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in by Material Type, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Composites, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Composites, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Metals, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Metals, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Narrow-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Narrow-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Wide-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Wide-Body Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Very Large Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Very Large Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Regional Aircraft, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Regional Aircraft, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in General Aviation, 2016-2020, in USD Million

Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in General Aviation, 2016-2020, in Volume

Figure Cost Component Ratio