Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery

Table of Content

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
• 1.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Size
• 1.3 Market Segmentation
• 1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
• 1.5 SWOT Analysis

2. Market Dynamics

• 2.1 Market Drivers
• 2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
• 2.3 Emerging Market Trends
• 2.4 Impact of COVID-19
  • 2.4.1 Short-term Impact
  • 2.4.2 Long-term Impact

3 Associated Industry Assessment

• 3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
• 3.2 Industry Active Participants
  • 3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
  • 3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers
• 3.3 Alternative Analysis
• 3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain

4 Market Competitive Landscape

• 4.1 Industry Leading Players
• 4.2 Industry News
  • 4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
  • 4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans

5 Analysis of Leading Companies

• 5.1 AERIA Luxury Interiors
  • 5.1.1 AERIA Luxury Interiors Company Profile
  • 5.1.2 AERIA Luxury Interiors Business Overview
  • 5.1.3 AERIA Luxury Interiors Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.1.4 AERIA Luxury Interiors Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.2 GE
  • 5.2.1 GE Company Profile
  • 5.2.2 GE Business Overview
  • 5.2.3 GE Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.2.4 GE Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.3 JBRND
  • 5.3.1 JBRND Company Profile
  • 5.3.2 JBRND Business Overview
  • 5.3.3 JBRND Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.3.4 JBRND Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.4 Boeing
  • 5.4.1 Boeing Company Profile
  • 5.4.2 Boeing Business Overview
  • 5.4.3 Boeing Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.4.4 Boeing Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.5 Airbus
  • 5.5.1 Airbus Company Profile
  • 5.5.2 Airbus Business Overview
  • 5.5.3 Airbus Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.5.4 Airbus Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.6 MTU Aero Engines
  • 5.6.1 MTU Aero Engines Company Profile
  • 5.6.2 MTU Aero Engines Business Overview
  • 5.6.3 MTU Aero Engines Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.6.4 MTU Aero Engines Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.7 Pratt & Whitney
  • 5.7.1 Pratt & Whitney Company Profile
  • 5.7.2 Pratt & Whitney Business Overview
  • 5.7.3 Pratt & Whitney Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.7.4 Pratt & Whitney Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.8 Rolls-Royce
  • 5.8.1 Rolls-Royce Company Profile
  • 5.8.2 Rolls-Royce Business Overview
  • 5.8.3 Rolls-Royce Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.8.4 Rolls-Royce Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.9 Norsk Titanium
  • 5.9.1 Norsk Titanium Company Profile
  • 5.9.2 Norsk Titanium Business Overview
  • 5.9.3 Norsk Titanium Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.9.4 Norsk Titanium Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.10 Honeywell International
  • 5.10.1 Honeywell International Company Profile
  • 5.10.2 Honeywell International Business Overview
  • 5.10.3 Honeywell International Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.10.4 Honeywell International Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction
• 5.11 Moog
  • 5.11.1 Moog Company Profile
  • 5.11.2 Moog Business Overview
  • 5.11.3 Moog Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.11.4 Moog Aerospace 3D Printing Products Introduction

6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types

• 6.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.3 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Price by Types (2015-2020)
• 6.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.2.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.2.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
• 6.3 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.3.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Stainless Steel
  • 6.3.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Titanium Alloy
  • 6.3.3 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Nickel Base Superalloy
• 6.4 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.4.1 Stainless Steel Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 6.4.2 Titanium Alloy Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 6.4.3 Nickel Base Superalloy Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications

• 7.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.1.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.1.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
• 7.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
• 7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Aircraft Parts (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Engine Body (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.3 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Other (2015-2020)
• 7.4 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.1 Aircraft Parts Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.2 Engine Body Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.3 Other Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions

• 8.1 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
• 8.2 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
• 8.3 Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)

9 North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis

• 9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 9.2 North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.3 North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.4 North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast
• 9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
• 9.6 North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis by Country
  • 9.6.1 U.S. Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 9.6.2 Canada Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 9.6.3 Mexico Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate

10 Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis

• 10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 10.2 Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.3 Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.4 Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast
• 10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
• 10.6 Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis by Country
  • 10.6.1 Germany Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.2 United Kingdom Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.3 France Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.4 Italy Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.5 Spain Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.6 Russia Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate

11 Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis

• 11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 11.2 Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.3 Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.4 Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast
• 11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
• 11.6 Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis by Country
  • 11.6.1 China Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.2 Japan Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.3 South Korea Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.4 Australia Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.5 India Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate

12 South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis

• 12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 12.2 South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 12.3 South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 12.4 South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast
• 12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
• 12.6 South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis by Country
  • 12.6.1 Brazil Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 12.6.2 Argentina Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 12.6.3 Columbia Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate

13 Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis

• 13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 13.2 Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 13.3 Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 13.4 Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast
• 13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
• 13.6 Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Analysis by Country
  • 13.6.1 UAE Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 13.6.2 Egypt Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate
  • 13.6.3 South Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate

14 Conclusions and Recommendations

• 14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
• 14.2 Advice for Investors

15 Appendix

• 15.1 Methodology
• 15.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025

Table Aerospace 3D Printing Key Market Segments

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020

Table SWOT Analysis

Figure Global COVID-19 Status

Figure Supply Chain

Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Aerospace 3D Printing

Table Major Players Revenue in 2019

Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019

Table AERIA Luxury Interiors Company Profile

Table AERIA Luxury Interiors Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure AERIA Luxury Interiors Production and Growth Rate

Figure AERIA Luxury Interiors Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table GE Company Profile

Table GE Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure GE Production and Growth Rate

Figure GE Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table JBRND Company Profile

Table JBRND Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure JBRND Production and Growth Rate

Figure JBRND Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Boeing Company Profile

Table Boeing Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Boeing Production and Growth Rate

Figure Boeing Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Airbus Company Profile

Table Airbus Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Airbus Production and Growth Rate

Figure Airbus Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table MTU Aero Engines Company Profile

Table MTU Aero Engines Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure MTU Aero Engines Production and Growth Rate

Figure MTU Aero Engines Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Pratt & Whitney Company Profile

Table Pratt & Whitney Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Pratt & Whitney Production and Growth Rate

Figure Pratt & Whitney Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Rolls-Royce Company Profile

Table Rolls-Royce Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Rolls-Royce Production and Growth Rate

Figure Rolls-Royce Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Norsk Titanium Company Profile

Table Norsk Titanium Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Norsk Titanium Production and Growth Rate

Figure Norsk Titanium Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Honeywell International Company Profile

Table Honeywell International Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Honeywell International Production and Growth Rate

Figure Honeywell International Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Moog Company Profile

Table Moog Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Moog Production and Growth Rate

Figure Moog Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)

Figure Global Stainless Steel Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Stainless Steel Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Titanium Alloy Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Titanium Alloy Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nickel Base Superalloy Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nickel Base Superalloy Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Stainless Steel (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Stainless Steel (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Titanium Alloy (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Titanium Alloy (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Nickel Base Superalloy (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Nickel Base Superalloy (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aircraft Parts Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aircraft Parts Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Engine Body Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Engine Body Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Other Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Other Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Aircraft Parts (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Aircraft Parts (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Engine Body (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Engine Body (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Other (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Other (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aerospace 3D Printing Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)

Figure North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure North America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure North America COVID-19 Status

Figure U.S. Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Canada Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Mexico Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Europe Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Europe COVID-19 Status

Figure Germany Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure United Kingdom Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure France Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Italy Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Spain Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Russia Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Asia-Pacific Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status

Figure China Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Japan Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South Korea Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Australia Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure India Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure South America Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Brazil Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Argentina Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Columbia Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Middle East and Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure UAE Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Egypt Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South Africa Aerospace 3D Printing Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)